LAW 시험 정리 PDF

Obligation Types To Do: Performing a specific action Not to Do: Refraining from a specific action, often seen in NDAs (Non-Disclosure Agreements) representing an absence of action. *NDA = 비밀유지 계약/기밀유지 계약, 정보 유출 → 손해 배상 관련됨 To Give: Transferring ownership of something. Giving s...

Obligation Types To Do: Performing a specific action Not to Do: Refraining from a specific action, often seen in NDAs (Non-Disclosure Agreements) representing an absence of action. *NDA = 비밀유지 계약/기밀유지 계약, 정보 유출 → 손해 배상 관련됨 To Give: Transferring ownership of something. Giving something implies transferring its ownership but doesn’t allow giving someone else’s ownership. Contract creates obligation. An obligation is a commitment to do, not to do, or to give. Contractual Principles Ownership: - Can own items created or purchased but cannot own human beings. Proof: - Necessary to validate claims and ownership. Without proof, there’s a risk. - 어떤 주장이나 소유권을 확인하기 위한 증거나 문서. - 법적 문서, 계약서, 증언, 물리적 증거 등 - 증명이 없으면 conflict/legal issues 발생 or lack of trust Roles in a Contract: - Adaptor (performs the service/to do/to give) and Creditor (receives the service). Nature of Contracts: - Not necessarily monetary. - Can be verbal; written contracts are not mandatory. - Gentlemen’s agreements in the UK highlight the value of one’s word in contracts. - 법적 구속력 x 존중과 신뢰 바탕 - 이행하지 않을 경우 명예나 신뢰도에 타격 - 법적인 처벌이나 손해배상 요구하기 어려움 Obligation in Service Contracts - In services like a salon appointment, the booking itself can create obligations for both the service provider (adaptor) and the client (creditor). Reciprocal Contracts - Both parties have obligations, such as paying for the service and performing the service. - 둘 다 adaptor랑 creditor가 될 수 있음 EX. A가 B에게 서비스를 제공하고 B가 지불함 A: 서비스를 제공 (Adaptor/Debtor), 서비스에 대한 대가를 받을 권리 (왜냐하면 서비스를 줬으니 나한테 빚 만듦) B: 돈을 지불 (Creditor), 서비스를 제공받을 권리 (왜냐하면 돈을 줬으니 나한테 빚 만듦) Dissatisfaction and Payment: - If the service is not as informed or satisfactory, the client may not be obligated to pay, especially for undisclosed (비밀리에 붙여진) additional costs. - 아몬드 가루 알레르기 예시 Contractual Elements Freedom: - Parties are free to enter into a contract and decide its terms.. Consensus: - Mutual agreement is essential for a valid contract. Legal Binding Force: - Contracts are legally binding (법적 구속력 있음); parties are obligated to fulfill their contractual duties. Special Contracts Non-competition Agreements: - Restrict parties from engaging in certain activities that compete with the other party’s interests, commonly used in employment and business sale contexts. - 한쪽 또는 양쪽이 특정 기간 동안 경쟁 관련 활동을 하지 않는 것 - - Legal Act - A deliberate 의도적인 and voluntary action taken by an individual or a legal entity with the intention to create, modify, or extinguish legal rights and obligations. Legal Act Characteristics Intentional - The person or entity performing the act does so with a specific legal purpose in mind. Manifestation of Will (의사표현) - It involves a clear expression or demonstration of one’s intent to bring about legal consequences. Types: - Bilateral Act: involves two parties where each party takes on obligations or transfers rights. - 단순히 두 당사자가 각자 해야 할 역할/의무를 수행하는 것 - ex. 판매자와 구매자, reciprocal contract - Unilateral Act: involves only one party creating legal effects, like a will or testament. - 단독행위, 다른 당사자의 동의나 참여 없어도 법적 효과/결과 발생 - ex. 유언장 작성 - Onerous Act: includes contracts or agreements where each party provides something of value, like in sales or service contracts. - 각 당사자가 가치/이득 있는 것을 제공 (돈, 서비스 등) - 특별한 유형의 bilateral act - ex. 판매자와 구매자 - Gratuitous Act: involves one party providing a benefit to another without expecting anything in return, like gifts or donations - 한 당사자가 다른 당사자에게 어떠한 대가를 기대하지 않고 혜택 제공 - ex. 선물이나 기부 Bilateral Act 안에 Reciprocal Contract 있고 Onerous Act Legal Fact - events or actions that have legal consequences but were not performed with the intention of creating those legal effects Legal Fact Characteristics Not intentional - the event or action happens without the aim of producing legal outcomes. - not about what someone decides to do but rather about events that occur. Example - Willful misconduct: actions taken without the intent to create legal rights or obligations but resulting in legal consequences (like liability for damages) - 실수나 부주의로 인해 발생하는 사고 (교통 사고) 혹은 결과를 생각 안 하고 한 잘못 - Birth or Fatality: natural events that create legal statuses or rights, such as inheritance rights upon death or citizenship rights upon birth Independence from Will (의사가 없는 것) - Legal facts create legal consequences regardless of the individual’s or party’s intentions. Involuntary nature - Parties are tied by these facts without their explicit consent or intention. Burden of proof (법적 분쟁이나 재판에서 사실을 입증하기 위해 필요한 증거를 제공해야 하는 의무, 입증) Legal Acts: 1. validity 2. intention behind it 3. whether all parties were competent and consented freely Legal Facts: 1. occurrence of the event or action 2. its legal implications Contract Law - Every contract and commercial relation is under the contract law. - A contract gives obligation. Obligation is a commitment to do, not to do, and to give. - In a contract, there are provisions and stipulations. Obligation - Legal relationship created by the will of those who commit. - Personal legal right characterized by a power exercised by an individual on another. - Civil obligation VS Natural obligation - Civil Obligation - ex. 임대 계약, 구매 계약 - 법률에 의해 규정되고 보장되는 의무 - 법원에서 강제 이행을 요구할 수 있는 법적인 권리와 의무 - Natural obligation - ex. 개인 간 빌린 돈, 도덕적 책임 Proof of the Obligation - necessity of providing evidence to support the existence and terms of an obligation (like a contract) or to demonstrate that you are not legally required to perform or fulfill a specific duty or task. Proof is based on relevant facts - you need to provide facts or evidence that directly relate to the obligation you’re discussing. this must be relevant to the matter. Proof must be lawful - any evidence you present must be obtained and presented in a way that the law recognizes as valid. Judges have discretion - when a case goes to court, the judge has the authority to evaluate the evidence presented and make decisions based on their judgment. - 계약을 맺는 과정에서 당사자들은 미래에 발생할 수 있는 분쟁을 예방하거나 해결하기 위해 they can agree beforehand on what they’ll accept as valid proof Burden of Proof - Claimants: if you’re making a claim, it’s up to you to provide the evidence to back up your claim. - 내가 뭘 받거나 배상받아야 하는 입장, someone owes you something based on a contract - Creditor - Defender: if you’re on the receiving end of a claim and you believe you’re not obligated, you also need to provide evidence to support your position. - 나는 줄 필요 없다고 생각하는 입장, you think the contract is not valid or you’ve been wrongly accused - Debtor/Adaptor Proof of the Contract Reversal of Burden of Proof (반박) - normally, the person who makes a claim has to prove it. however, with legal presumptions, the burden of proof can shift to the other party. the other party has to provide evidence to disprove the presumption - 주장하는 쪽 (예를 들어, 계약이 존재한다고 주장하는 쪽)이 그 주장을 증명해야 할 책임이 있다. 근데 법적 추정이 적용되서 “계약이 존재한다"는 가정 하에 재판이 이루어지면, 다른 쪽 당사자가 법적 추정에 반대하는 증거를 제공하여 추정을 반박할 책임이 있다. Simple Predumption: 증거수락, this presumption can be overturned or rebutted by contrary evidence. Absolute/Ireebuttable Presumption: 증거불충분/증거 안 받아드림, this presumption cannot be challenged with evidence. once established, it’s taken as the truth, and no contrary evidence is accepted. Mixed Presumption: these presumptions can be rebutted, but the law strictly controls the nature and type of evidence that can be used to challenge them - “내가 obligation이 있다" 라는 것을 반박할 수는 있음. 근데 바로 ㅇㅋ. 하고 증거수락이 되는 건 아니고 나의 반박에 대한 조건들을 법적으로 확인함. Written Proof Authenticated Deed: document created and certified by a public officer, such as a notary, or issued by a judge - Official Authentication: has a stamp/seal that proves it authenticity - Legal Strength - ex. court judgments, notarized agreements, property deeds Private Deed: document that the parties involved in the transaction or agreement create and sign themselves, without the need for certification by a public officer - Self-made - Legal Recognition: authenticated deed 만큼은 아니지만 it is still recognized legally, necessary criteria (like signatures of all parties involved) meet 한다는 전제 하에 Legal Requirement for Written Proof - The law often mandates that any act or transaction exceeding a certain value (over 1500 euros) must be documented with written proof - To prevent fraud, provide clear evidence, ensure transparency Other Means of Proof (증거가 될 수 있는 다른 방법들) For acts not exceeding 1500 euros, the requirement for formal written proof is relaxed. Parties can use various types of evidence such as: - Witness testimony: states from individuals who have direct knowledge of the facts in question. - Presumptions: assumptions made by law or by the judge base on the event - Wills 유언장: legal documents stating a person’s wishes to be carried out after their death Confessions Affidavits (서약 진술서, 선서, 개인이 진술한 내용이 사실임을 법적으로 선언하고, 공증인 또는 법적 권한을 가진 인물 앞에서 서명한 서면 진술. 만약 거짓을 말할 경우 또 어긴 것으로 간주.) Electronic-Written Deeds and Signatures