Laboratory Practice and Safety Lecture-1 2024 PDF

LABORATORY PRACTICE AND SAFETY BMS/NAH 1111, PHS11101 Dr. Damayanthi Dahanayake Faculty of Science 2024 NSBM Green University ([email protected]) Lesson 1 Summary Teaching Pattern 2 hour lecture with laboratory practical...

LABORATORY PRACTICE AND SAFETY BMS/NAH 1111, PHS11101 Dr. Damayanthi Dahanayake Faculty of Science 2024 NSBM Green University ([email protected]) Lesson 1 Summary Teaching Pattern 2 hour lecture with laboratory practical (7 weeks) 2 hour laboratory practical sessions (1 week) Assessment In-course assignments SEQ (10%) Mid-Exam mcq (20%) Practical assessment (10%) End Semester Exam – (60%) Available time for Wednesday 1 pm – 4 pm discussions  Introduction to the laboratory safety, health, laboratory waste management, and safety guidelines Laboratory Organization and design of a medical laboratory Practice and Handling biohazardous specimen/chemicals Safety – Hazardous waste management and disposal Main topics Sterilization, disinfection and decontamination of laboratory waste Laboratory hazards and means of prevention Safety equipment used in the laboratory Storage of chemicals and radiation safety Occupational health in the laboratory Lab record keeping Working of a general medical laboratory Today’s Topic Introduction to; Laboratory Safety and Health Waste Management Safety Guidelines  Objectives: Laboratory safety, health Understand the importance of laboratory safety and waste management, Identify the potential hazards in the lab safety Be able to identify and locate safety equipment guidelines and know their purpose Learn the laboratory waste management procedures Be able to follow the laboratory safety guidelines  Laboratory safety What is laboratory safety? Safety is freedom from danger, injury, or damage. The prevention of; infection by disease organisms, ingestion, inhalation, or absorption of toxic materials, trauma due to cuts, blunt objects, high or low temperature chemicals. “Everything you need to know to keep safe when working in the lab”  Laboratory Hazards What is a hazard? A hazard is a potential source of danger or harm. Many chemicals may have inherent hazardous properties and these hazardous properties never change. The practice of safety is about minimizing, managing, or controlling these hazards. Potential hazards exists in the lab work that can lead to accidents and injuries. The safety rules and regulations must be adhered to all the time.  Safety factors Three factors have been identified that contribute to safety: (1) environmental factors including facilities, location, equipment, procedures, and standards; (2) person factors including attitude, beliefs, personality, knowledge, skills, and abilities; (3) behavior factors including safe and risky practices. Reference: E. Scott Geller. The Psychology of Safety Handbook, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2001, p. 163.  To ensure your safety; You must know how to prevent an accident with a potential hazard. You must know to properly respond if an accident was to occur. Potential Hazards Chemicals toxins/poisons:- eg: mercury, arsenic, Cl2 gas, biological stains irritants:-eg: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide Sharp and blunt objects (eg: glass, dissection tools, weights) Bio-hazardous materials (microbiological samples) Heat / fire (hotplate, Bunsen burner) Electricity and gas Potential hazards can enter our body by inhalation, ingestion, injection, absorption.  Four principles of safety R- Recognize hazards A- Assess the risk of hazards M- Minimize the risk of hazards P- Prepare for emergencies “RAMP”  Safe Lab Practices Good lab practices are an integral part of conducting research safely. Laboratory facility with engineering controls can limit exposure to hazards. PPE (Personal protective Equipment)can protect a researcher's body. Important: Make sure your behavior doesn't expose you or your colleagues to risks. Safe lab practices cover many of the common routes of exposure but are by no means a comprehensive list.  How to be safe in the laboratory Bacteria, virus or toxic materials can be present in the lab. Student must follow these guidelines; Do not eat, drink, or chew anything while in the lab. Treat all substances as dangerous until identified. Keep hands away from face. Do not run or horseplay in the lab. Student must return all items like slides, models, microscopes to their proper location After class, wash glassware and leave in the drainer to dry. Maintain a clean and neat lab. Clean and disinfect lab benches before leaving and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Covered shoe Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Wear the lab coat, goggles and properly covered shoes in the laboratory. Wear gloves when working with hazardous chemicals and biological materials  Locate and identify the Do you know lab safety equipment where these are in when you enter the lab your lab? for the first time. C A B Introduction to; Laboratory Safety and Health Waste Management Safety Guidelines  Separation of waste Wastes should be separated by type: Lab Chemical Waste: Hazardous chemical wastes Non-hazardous chemical waste Other Waste: Biohazard Waste Sharps Broken Glass Special Wastes General refuse  Chemicals in use Label your specimens , bottles correctly Correct name of the chemical: Date prepared: Prepared by: The bottles should close or stoppered tightly and safely. Take only the needed amount from the chemical bottle, Never return the excess amount of chemical to the original bottle. It is a must to discard used chemicals in the proper way.  Chemical disposal procedures Organic waste Inorganic waste Biological waste Collect the waste inorganic and organic solvents in separate containers and label them properly. Biological waste should be autoclaved before discarding into the separate biohazard bin.  Disposal of Bacterial Cultures All the biohazardous waste materials should be autoclaved before discard. Bacterial cultures growing on Petri dishes should be disposed of in bio- hazard buckets in the laboratory. Bacterial cultures growing in culture tubes should be placed in the designated test tube racks marked as waste. “Autoclave before entering the trash stream.” Introduction to; Laboratory Safety and Health Waste Management Safety Guidelines  Lab safety Behavior PPE is a MUST to enter the laboratory. Long pants and shoes completely covering the top of the foot should be worn at all times when working in the lab. Wear gloves when working with the hazardous chemical and biological materials. When finished with the gloves, remove the gloves as demonstrated by your instructor. Remove contaminated gloves before touching common use devices (door knobs, equipment); discard gloves before leaving the laboratory. Place used gloves only in the designated bio-hazard containers.  Lab safety Behavior contd. Never directly smell any chemical. If needed to check the smell just waft it. The work area must be kept clean and uncluttered. All chemicals should be labeled and stored properly. Keeping personal items separate from lab work. This will prevent spread of hazardous reagents and cut off a potential exposure route. Follow Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s). Read the laboratory experiment procedure before you start the lab work. The hazards of chemicals used should be known. (e.g., corrosiveness, flammability, reactivity, stability, and toxicity). Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be available for all acutely toxic chemicals used and stored in the laboratory.  Lab safety Behavior contd. Notify the instructor or supervisor before entering the lab and upon departure. Ensure all lab members are familiar with the lab's safety equipment. Make sure everyone knows where the nearest safety shower, eye wash, fire extinguisher, spill kit, first aid kit, and emergency assembling area. Use heat resistant glass(Eg: Pyrex) for heating substances and never use cracked glass. Use a fume hood for toxic fumes or particles and flammable solvents.  Lab safety Behavior contd. Never work alone in the laboratory. Never conduct unauthorized experiments or engage in horseplay in a laboratory. Immediately report any unsafe behavior to the instructor. Eating, drinking, chewing gum, are prohibited in the laboratories. Always pay attention to your surroundings and be aware of what others are doing. Wash glassware, return reagents/chemicals, clean work bench, dispose wastes, remove gloves and wash hands with soap and water before leaving the lab.  Proper Storage of Containers Chemicals should be stored in containers made of materials that will not react. Large volumes of flammable chemicals must be stored in fire resistant cupboards. Acids and bases should be stored in separate cabinets lined with plastic to prevent any vapors from reacting with the metal housing. Chemicals known to react violently when mixed should be stored separately. Emergency actions Emergency Electricity Shut off If you need to turn off the electricity, use the Emergency Electrical Shut Off in the lab. Emergency Gas Shut off If a burner or gas jet catches on fire, you may need to turn off the gas supply to the room. Burns Burns can occur in several ways; eg: Contact with heat, Chemical burns, Electrical Precautions :- Student should ;Tie back long hair, Roll up long sleeves, Use the proper protection when handling hot glass or other pieces of heated equipment, Assume that hot plates, heat blocks, water baths are hot. Make sure to unplug hotplates and turn off Bunsen burners when not in use. Place a piece of paper next to the hot plate that reads hot with the date and time you unplugged it. What to do in case of a fire ? Clothing on fire: Stop, drop, and roll Do not run Use fire blanket or shower Run cold water over the affected area to reduce chemical reactions and heat damage. Use either a sink or safety shower. Acid or base spill (potential chemical burn): Run cold water over the affected area to reduce chemical reactions and heat damage. Use either sink or safety shower. Flush the affected area thoroughly for a minimum of 15 minutes. Chemicals in eyes Take the student to the eye wash station. Flush eyes for a minimum of 15 minutes. Forcibly hold eye open to ensure effective wash behind eyelids. Obtain medical attention. Report incident to supervisor. Minor Cuts Wash injury with soap and water for several minutes. Obtain medical attention. ***Report incident to supervisor  Responding to an incident: Chemical Spills Chemical spills must be handled appropriately. Use the correct chemical absorbent and place the waste on the designated chemical waste disposal container. Broken Glass Disposal Clean up broken glass with a dustpan and a brush and place it in the disposal boxes. Broken glass boxes and brooms are located in each lab room. DO NOT THROW REGULAR TRASH IN BROKEN GLASS BOXES!  Responding to an incident: Biological Spills Eg: Bacterial cultures, Body fluids and tissues Blood or other fluids can transmit several potentially lethal diseases. Infection can occur if you come into contact with these fluids. To disinfect a biological spill; Put on gloves Cover the spill with paper towels. Apply proper disinfectant (Lysol, bleach, or alcohol) to the towels and let stand for 10 minutes. Remove the paper towels and place in the red biohazard container. (Do not place is a regular trash can)  Responding to an incident: Fire Immediately inform the instructor. Put the fire out: Use water if it is not a solvent or electric fires. Use a fire blanket. Use a fire extinguisher. Always maintain accessible exit. Fire extinguishers are located in or near each lab. Know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher! How to use a Fire Extinguisher 1. Lift extinguisher off the wall by the bottom handle. 2. Pull the pin. 3. Unclip the nozzle (if the extinguisher has one) 4. Point the nozzle of the extinguisher at the base of the fire and squeeze the top handle down. DON’TS  Bhopal incident: On December 3, 1984, Bhopal, India, experienced a release of approximately 40 metric tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) at the Union Carbide pesticide plant. Over 100,000 were injured and nearly 8,000 people were killed, and many more have and continue to die from the long-term effects. The accident occurred around 12:40 a.m. local time, when most of the victims were sleeping. The dead included large numbers of infants, children, and older men and women. Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides(such as carbaryl,carbofuran, methomyl, aldicarb). It has also been used in the production of rubber and adhesives. As a highly toxic and irritating material, it is extremely hazardous to human health.  Summary Understand the importance of laboratory safety, and PPE Identify the potential hazards in the lab Identify and locate safety equipment, know their purpose, how to use them Laboratory waste management procedures: Organic, inorganic , biological Be able to follow the laboratory guidelines Write a report on industrial / chemical / nuclear accidents explaining their impact. You can choose three or four incidents for the report. Eg: Chernobyl nuclear accident, Fukushima nuclear accident Bhopal accident, BP oil spill etc. Maximum word count :1200 words Question 1: How to heat a flammable liquid? a. Bunsen burner b. Water bath Correct Answer : a or b?  Question 2: To dilute a concentrated acid: a) add acid to the water. b) add water to the acid. c) mix both, the water and the acid, simultaneously. d) never mix acid and water; the result could be quite hazardous. Question B A What are the E bad practices A-E? D  References 1. LABORATORY SAFETY FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS - ROBERT H. HILL, JR. DAVID C. FINSTER Thank You.