Lab practical study guide.pdf

1. Scientific method steps in order ● Observation: observing, observations should be done based on knowledge already existing. ● Questions: question should be based on observations, previous experiments, and study of literature ● Hypothesis: an educated guess based on the research ● Experiment: expe...

1. Scientific method steps in order ● Observation: observing, observations should be done based on knowledge already existing. ● Questions: question should be based on observations, previous experiments, and study of literature ● Hypothesis: an educated guess based on the research ● Experiment: experiment is used to either prove or disprove the hypothesis ● Conclusion: states whether the experiment supported or disproved the hypothesis. ● Report and Publish: research is organized into a scientific report which is later sent to be published 2. Select the hypothesis that represents hypothesis the most Hypothesis: an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment example:The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, "If I do not study, then I will fail the test." 3. function of control and what are the variables Controls: essential for the unbiased Example: cells that get no treatment in an experiment Variables: any characteristic, varies from individual to individual Example: the amount of water given to the plants is the independent variable 4. Different types of variables Independent variable Dependent variable Control variables 5. Sample size in an experiment and why it's important Sample size: the number of participants or observation included in a study -it is important because sample size directly influences research findings LAB 2 6. Organic molecules Organic molecules; a molecules of the kind normally found in living systems Carbohydrates: first class of organic molecules Lipids: second class Proteins: long chains of components known as amino acids Nucleic acid 7. what reagents are used to test particular organic molecule Benedict's test: simple carbohydrates (ORANGE/RED) Biuret test: protein (VIOLET COLOR) Iodine: starch (DARK PURPLE) Sudan IV: lipids (RED COLOR) Dische diphenylamine: Nucleic acids (BLUE) 8. Why was Sudan 4 effective when testing for that particular molecule? Sudan 4 stain fat in tissues by reacting with the lipids or triglycerides (Red color) (tests for lipids) 9. Definition : Oxidation reaction, reduction reaction, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis Oxidation reaction: a process in which an electron is removed from a molecule during a chemical reaction Reduction reaction: a reaction in which electrons are added to a compound Dehydration synthesis: the removal of water to bind monomers together to form a polymer Hydrolysis: a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound 10. Importance of having a positive and negative control Both negative and positive controls are used to validate experiments Positive control: receives a treatment with a known result Negative control: treated the same as other but are not expected to change LAB 3 11. Parts of microscope and functions, ex diaphragm allows light to pass through Eyepiece: used to look through Objective lenses: the magnification power, 4x, 10x, 40x Arms: connecting to the base and to the head and the eyepiece Base: microscope support Fine focus knob: is used to focus on specimen Stage: where you place specimen Iris diaphragm: control the amount of light that reaches the specimen Condenser knob: moves the condenser up or down which controls the amount of light Stage clips: hold slides in place 12. Why did we use the slide with the letter e, and why the slide with the threads (what were er trying to illustrate) 13. Field of view, calculate the field of view, Field of view: maximum area visible through the lenses of a microscope Calculate: -obtain a stage micrometer slide -place slide under microscope -focus the micrometer field of view calculation: FOV 10x total mag 10x = FOV 4x x total mag 4x (This is for 4x) 14. Total magnification equation total magnification= mag objective x mag ocular lens LAB 4 15. prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound 16. Locomotion structures Cilia, flagella, axopodia 17. Structure of plant and animal cell Plant cells Animal cells cell wall centrosome a large central vacuole lysosome chloroplast Golgi apparatus cell membrane cell membrane cytoplasm cytoplasm nucleus nucleus nuclear membrane nuclear membrane ribosomes ribosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria vacuole vacuole 18. Identify the organisms (animal, plant, fungi) Fungi: are eukaryotic, lack chlorophyll, may be unicellular or filamentous 19. Familiar with organelles 20. Be familiar with Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Hypertonic: have higher solute concentrations Hypotonic: have lower concentration of solutes Isotonic: have equal concentrations of solutes compared with the inside of the cell 21. Osmosis Water moves from areas of low concentration of solute to areas of high concentration 22. READ LAB REPORT QUESTION ON ACTIVITY 2 23. Fisil tube Demonstrates osmosis, if you put the tube with a membrane in a solution that has dissolved solutes you can create a hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic environment. If it’s hypotonic water will travel up the tube 24. Understand which molecules left the bag and which stayed in bag (if glucose left bag it would turn orange) LAB 5 ACTIVITY 1 READ 25. Elodea and find out if its isotonic, hypertonic Elodea is isotonic HOW DO IK IF ITS ISO HYPO OR HYPER LAB 6 26. Catalyst with hydrogen peroxide what are the products 27. What is the function of an enzyme Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or chemical reactions in our bodies 28. Why did we use the guaiacol To test for the presence of the enzyme 29. What can affect enzyme function Temperature, pH, concentration 30. Aerobic respiration definition vs anaerobic Aerobic respiration: takes place in all eukaryotic organisms and It requires the presence of oxygen Anaerobic respiration: takes place only in bacteria, and happens in the absence of oxygen but requires the pretense of inorganic molecules like carbonates, sulfates, and nitrates. 31. Be familiar with goldfish experiment, what were we trying to figure out and how did we find the metabolic rate Trying to figure out respiration rates of goldfish 32. What are endotherms? Organisms that regulate their internal body temperature by changing their cellular aerobic respiration rate 33. What are ectotherms? Other organisms that rely on the environment to maintain their body temperature 34. Succinate being turned to fumarate was the 6th step of Krebs cycle. What part of the cell is it taking place Succinate was being oxidized 35. What part of the cell is the Krebs cycle taking place in Mitochondrial matrix What part of the cell is glycolysis taking place The cytoplasm 36. What does sodium fluoride do. (Stops what reaction ) Stops glycolysis 37. Paper chromatography This technique utilizes the different solubility of the pigments and the degree of attachment to the chromatography paper to separate the pigments from each other. 38. What is the purpose of plant pigments Absorbs the energy from the light, controlled photosynthesis 39. Identify structure that is labeled (cross section of leaf) Stomata cell or mysphyill cell or tricomb 40. Write an equation on photosynthesis or cellular respiration Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O. 41. Microscope test thing (use yellow lense) 10x yellow one 42. Graphs of wave lengths. 43. Identify structures, (stomata, mesophyll cell, tricomb (little filament that grows off the leaf),)