BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice PDF

BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY SCIENTIFIC METHOD and EPIDEMIOLOGY 1. A __theory____ is a well-tested hypothesis that is well-accepted among the scientific community. 2. True or False: A researcher can use the results of...

BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY SCIENTIFIC METHOD and EPIDEMIOLOGY 1. A __theory____ is a well-tested hypothesis that is well-accepted among the scientific community. 2. True or False: A researcher can use the results of her experiment to prove that her hypothesis is correct. 3. The variable that we manipulate in an experiment is the ____independent variable____. 4. The variable that is measured in an experiment is the _____dependent variable____. 5. _Control__________ is the standard of comparison used in an experiment. 6. Name two characteristics of a reliable experiment. Increase the number of samples (sample size). Repeat the experiment (all steps of the scientific method) at least 3 times. 7. Underline the dependent variable: A student observed dead fish floating on the Tennessee River. He also noticed a coal plant on the river. He noticed that there were more dead fish closer to where the coal plant was. He thought that waste from the coal plant was causing a change in the pH of the water, and killing the fish in the river. He set up an experiment to test his hypothesis, since waste from the coal plant affects pH of the water. The student obtained samples from different points on the river. 0 m, 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m, 500 m, 600 m, 700 m, 800 m, 900 m, and 1000 m away from the coal plant, and tested the pH of each sample. 8. Epidemiology is defined as the study of ________. a. bacteria and viruses b. vectors of disease transmission c. factors affecting the health and illness of populations 9. During the Bubonic (Black) Plague in Medieval times, the _____ that caused the disease was a bacterium, and the ____ that spread the disease from mice to humans were fleas. a. host; pathogen b. pathogen; host c. vector; pathogen d. pathogen; vector BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 10. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a virus? a. Chicken pox b. The common cold c. Influenza d. Strep throat 11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a virus? a. It is a living thing b. It has a true nucleus c. It must have a host to replicate itself d. Viral infections can be cured e. All of the above are characteristics of a virus 12. How do certain bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Antibiotic resistance is what happens when a bacterium adapts to the presence of a drug to the point that an antibiotic is no longer affective. People contribute to this problem by over-using antibiotics for themselves, not taking medication as directed, doctors over-prescribing medications, and/or by feeding livestock with feed containing high amounts of antibiotics. 13. Which of the following is true regarding vaccinations? a. Vaccines typically contain dead or weakened forms of a pathogen. b. Vaccines improve immunity against future infection. c. Ceasing vaccinating could allow diseases that are no longer an issue, such as polio and smallpox, to come back with epidemic force. d. All of the above are true in regards to vaccinations. 14. True or False: Condoms provide ample protection against genital HPV. 15. True or False: You have more bacterial cells in and on your body than you have cells that make up your body. 16. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium? a. Chlamydia b. Tetanus c. The bubonic plague d. All of the above are caused by bacteria 17. In our simulated disease transmission activity, what served as the control? In other words, what did we use to determine the original condition of the fluid, before we exchanged with classmates? a. The large 50 mL tube of fluid BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY b. The pipet (disposable dropper) c. The 2 mL microcentrifuge tube d. Iodine BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 1. True or False: Organic molecules contain carbon. 2. A macromolecule is made up of smaller units bonded together called ___________. a. saccharides b. monomers c. polymers 3. Name the monomers of the following biomolecules: a. Lipids _____glycerol and fatty acids b. Peptides ___amino acids c. Starches _____monosaccharides 4. Name one key function of saccharides in a cell. Possible answers: Supply fuel (food) for cell respiration, form certain structures (“hardware”) of cells, store energy, or provide building materials for other biomolecules 5. Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide? a. Celluose b. Glucose c. Glycogen d. Starch 6. Which of the four types of biological molecules is not soluble in water? Lipids 7. ________________ is/are the primary component of a cell’s plasma membrane. a. Cellulose b. Phospholipids c. Proteins d. Triglycerides 8. True or False: Enzymes are proteins. 9. Proteins are made of folded chains of __amino_______acids. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 10. Identify this protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary): 11. Identify this protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary): 12. Identify the correct hierarchy of molecular structures, from smallest to largest unit. a. Polysaccharides, monosaccharides, cellulose, cell wall b. Nucleotide, DNA, chromosome, gene c. Fatty acid, cell membrane, phospholipid d. Amino acid, peptide, protein, enzyme 13. Pepsi ® has just released a new marshmallow flavored soda, and the company claims that it contains a low amount of simple sugars. Dr. Panter decides to conduct a Benedict’s test on the soda. She heats the soda-Benedict’s mixture and observes a dark orange color change. What do these results indicate about Pepsi’s ® claim? a. Their claim is true, because the soda has low amounts of simple sugars. b. Their claim is true, because Dr. Panter observed a negative result. c. Their claim is false, because the soda has high amounts of simple sugars. d. No conclusions can be made, because Benedict’s is not the proper test to use for simple sugars. 14. Larry is curious about the starch content of his breakfast cereal. He performs a Lugol’s Test and gets a dark black color change. A) Is this a positive or negative result AND B) what does it indicate about the starch concentration of his cereal? This is a positive result, meaning there is a high amount of starch present in the cereal. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY Tommy knows there are 4 calories per gram of carbohydrate, 4 calories per gram of protein, and 9 calories per gram of fat. Use this information and the nutrition label to answer questions 15 - 16. 15. Calculate how many calories come from protein are in one serving of Popeye Brand Spinach©. 2 grams of protein X 4 Calories per gram of protein = 8 Calories from protein 16. If a person eats 2500 calories per day, what percent of his daily intake of calories are in one serving of spinach? Choose the equation below that correctly calculates this percentage. a. 2500 ÷ 25 = 100, or 100% b. 25 ÷ 2500 =0.01, or 1% c. 25 + 2500 = 2525; 2525 ÷ 100 = 25.25% d. 0 ÷ 2500 = 0, or 0% MICROSCOPY AND CELLS 1. To which parts of the microscope are the black arrows pointing? a. Ocular lens; coarse adjustment knob b. Objective lens; coarse adjustment knob c. Ocular lens; fine adjustment knob d. Objective lens; fine adjustment knob 2. Which part of this microscope is used to raise and lower the stage? a. Stage clips b. Fine adjustment knob c. Coarse adjustment knob d. Coaxial stage controls BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 3. The microscope pictured above is best suited for viewing which specimens? a. Atoms and electrons b. Cells and tissues c. Organs and organisms d. None of the above 4. Which of the following best describes the cell pictured right? a. Animal cell, a eukaryote b. Plant cell, a eukaryote c. Bacterium a prokaryote d. Bacterium, a eukaryote e. Virus, neither a prokaryote nor a eukaryote 5. Which of the following cells does NOT contain a cell wall? a. Animal cell b. Plant cell c. Bacterium 6. A chain of round-shaped bacteria would be called ___. a. Staphylococcus b. Streptococcus c. Streptobacilus d. Streptospirillum 7. If you are using the 40X objective lens on a compound microscope, what is the TOTAL magnification of the specimen? 40 X 10 = 400x total magnification 8. Which of the following is made of one or more eukaryotic cells? a. Animal b. Plant c. Fungus d. Protozoan e. All of the above 9. According to the endosymbiont theory, which cellular structure likely evolved when a large prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote and formed a lasting symbiotic relationship? a. Chloroplast b. Mitochondrion c. Nucleus d. A and B e. A, B, and C BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY WATER 1. Which of the following is true regarding the water molecule? a. It has one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms. b. The partial electrical charge of the hydrogen pole is negative. c. The molecule is non-polar. d. The oxygen pole of one molecule coheres (“sticks”) to the hydrogen pole of another molecule. 2. True or False: Water is an organic molecule. 3. True or False: Water is unique in that it naturally exists in all 3 states of mater. 4. A ___polar_____ molecule (such as water) is one in which there is some separation of charges so that one part of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other a slight negative charge. 5. All of the following are properties of water except… a. Ice is denser than liquid water. b. Water can dissolve more solutes than any other known solvent. c. Cells contain more water than any other type of chemical. d. The high thermal capacity of water keeps coastline air temperatures fairly stable year-round. MOLECULAR TRANSPORT 1. What cellular structure controls the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment? plasma membrane (a.k.a. phospholipid bilayer) 2. Seeking a stable internal environment is to seek to maintain _________________. a. homeostasis b. isotasis c. osmotic balance d. none of the above 3. True or False: Plant cells do not have a plasma membrane. 4. Briefly explain how a plasma membrane is held in place between the interior and exterior of a cell due to phospholipid properties/composition. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the phospholipids remain on the inside of the bilayer, away from the watery internal environment and watery external environment. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 5. What does “a selectively permeable cell membrane” mean? The cell membrane allows some molecules to cross into or out of the cell passively, allows some molecules to cross using ATP energy, and prevents other molecules from ever crossing the membrane. 6. Which of the following is NOT a method of molecular transport? a. Active Transport b. Diffusion c. Hydrolysis d. Osmosis 7. Which of the following methods of molecular transport require energy? a. Active Transport b. Osmosis c. Facilitated Diffusion d. Both A & C 8. True or False: No method of molecular transport can work against a concentration gradient. 9. True or False: Osmosis is the natural tendency of substances to spread out in their environment. 10. What does it mean if a form of molecular transport is passive? No ATP (energy) is required; the molecule moves freely down the gradient (from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration). 11. What is a factor that can affect the rate of diffusion? Possible answers: Temperature, size of the molecule, and intensity of the concentration gradient 12. What happens when a solute cannot diffuse across the cell membrane? a. Nothing, the concentration gradient will remain out of balance. b. Water will move across the membrane instead (via osmosis) to balance the concentration gradient. c. The cell will eventually burst. 13. In the image below, draw an arrow to indicate in which direction water will move across the membrane due to osmosis. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 14. Identify the method of molecular transport shown below. Active transport 15. Identify the method of molecular transport shown below. Facilitated diffusion 16. Recall that the internal salt (saline) concentration of plant and animal cells is about 0.9%. You soak an animal tissue overnight in a beaker containing distilled water (0% saline). What results do you expect? a) The tissue will swell, because salt molecules will diffuse into the cells. b) The tissue will shrivel, because salt molecules will diffuse out of the cells. c) The tissue will swell, because water will enter the cells through osmosis. d) The tissue will shrivel, because water will exit the cells through osmosis. e) The tissue will not change, because cells only balance sugar concentration, not salt. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY For questions 17 and 18 use the beaker picture (right). 17. If you soak an animal cell in a solution with 5% solute, what type of molecular transport will occur? a) Solute will diffuse into the cell. b) Solute will diffuse out of the cell. c) Water will enter the cell through osmosis. d) Water will exit the cells through osmosis. e) Active transport will move molecules against the concentration gradient. 18. The solution is _hypertonic_ to the cell. (hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic) 19. True or False: A plant cell exposed to an extremely hypotonic environment cannot survive. 20. An animal cell placed in a hypotonic environment can result in _______ of the cell. a. crenation b. cytolysis c. lysis d. plasmolysis 21. Which method of molecular transport relies on transporter proteins to bind and carry substances through channels in the plasma membrane? a. Active Transport b. Diffusion c. Facilitated Diffusion d. Osmosis 22. Which method of molecular transport requires ATP for molecules to cross the plasma membrane? a. Active Transport b. Diffusion c. Facilitated Diffusion d. Osmosis 23. Emma has two cups of tea, one hot and one cold. She adds a sugar cube to each. In which cup would she observe a slower rate of sugar diffusion, and WHY? Be sure to describe the rate of molecular motion and how temperature affects it. Sugar will diffuse slower in the cup of iced tea, because molecules move more slowly at colder temperatures. The rate of molecular movement decreases as temperature decreases. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY CELLULAR RESPIRATION: 1. List the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct sequence. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain 2. Glycolysis is _____ and occurs in the _____. a. aerobic; mitochondrion b. aerobic; cytoplasm c. anaerobic; mitochondrion d. anaerobic; cytoplasm 3. Name the two types of fermentation and give an example of an organism that undergoes each type. Alcoholic fermentation (for example, yeast) Lactic acid fermentation (for example, animal cells) 4. Which molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain? Oxygen 5. Complete the equation for cellular respiration below: ___Glucose___ + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 __water__ + Energy (ATP) 6. Which statement is true regarding cellular respiration? a. Cellular respiration releases the energy required for metabolism, and thus life. b. The cells of all living organisms must undergo some type of respiration. c. Certain organisms use only anaerobic respiration to survive. d. All of the above are true. 7. Which of the following does NOT occur in the human body? a. Krebs cycle b. Glycolysis c. Alcoholic fermentation d. Lactic acid fermentation 8. How many ATP does glycolysis produce? a. O b. 2 c. 6 BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY d. 36-38 9. Where in the cell does alcoholic fermentation take place? a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. mitochondrion 10. Describe how yeast is used to bake bread and brew beer. Yeast uses alcoholic fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration, in order to produce ATP for its cells. It breaks down the sugars in grains (such as wheat, barley or hops) and gives off carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol) as waste products. 11. In what type of cells does lactic acid fermentation occur? a. bacterium b. fungus c. animal d. plant 12. Where in the cell do the Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain occur? a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. mitochondrion 13. What does aerobic cellular respiration produce? a. oxygen, water, and glucose b. carbon dioxide and ATP c. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP Rowan has three test tubes, each containing bromothymol blue, the pH indicator we used in lab. Recall that a blue color indicates a neutral pH, and yellow indicates an acidic pH. Test Tube 1 contains dormant lentils and Test Tube 2 contains nothing. The bromothymol blue inside these two tubes is a deep blue color. Test Tube 3 contains germinating lentils, and the bromothymol blue inside this tube is yellow. Use the data table below to answer question 14. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY Test Tube # Contents of tube Color of pH indicator 1 Dormant lentils Blue 2 Nothing Blue 3 Germinating lentils Yellow 14. What process is occurring inside Test Tube 3 with germinating lentils? a. Cellular Respiration b. Photosynthesis d. Lactic Acid Fermentation 15. Recall our yeast demo. We filled a large flask with some water, a yeast packet, and sugar. The flask was then covered with a balloon and placed on a hot plate. We saw that the balloon began to expand. What cellular process was taking place inside the yeast cells? What gas was filling the balloon as a result of the above process? a. Aerobic respiration; Oxygen b. Alcoholic fermentation; Carbon dioxide c. Glycolysis; Oxygen d. Lactic acid fermentation; Carbon dioxide 16. Recall the demo where your instructor exhaled through a straw into a container of BTB. What gas was exhaled into the BTB, and what process were your instructor’s cells undergoing that gave off the gas? Carbon dioxide (CO2); aerobic cellular respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS For questions 1 and 2, use the answer choices below to complete the equation for photosynthesis. 6__(QUESTION #1)_ + 6 H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 __(QUESTION #2)_ 1. Which molecule correctly fits in the blank labeled (QUESTION #1)? Correctly spell out the name of the molecule. Carbon dioxide 2. Which molecule correctly fits in the blank labeled (QUESTION #2)? Correctly spell out the name of the molecule. Oxygen BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 3. Plants utilize cellular respiration to break down the glucose they make. a. True b. False 4. The stage of photosynthesis that does NOT require light is known as a. photochemical reaction b. biochemical reaction c. Krebs cycle d. glycolysis For questions 5 – 7, use the diagram and answer choices below to identify the structures of the chloroplast. Answer choices: a. Granum b. Thylakoid(s) c. Stroma 5 6 7 __B___ 5. Identify the structure (single item). __A___ 6. Identify the structure (entire stack). __C___ 7. Identify the structure (space within chloroplast). BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 8. Which of the following would NOT undergo cellular respiration? a. a tree b. a cow c. a bacteria d. a virus 9. What is the green pigment that drives photosynthesis? a. chlorophyll b. xanthophyll c. cellulose d. carotene 10. The interdependence between the products of photosynthesis (CO2 and H2O) & cellular respiration (O2 and glucose) continually recycle and provide the basic requirements for eukaryotic cells to survive. a. True b. False 11. Where in a plant does photosynthesis typically occur? a. Flowers b. Leaves c. Stems d. Roots 12. ________ organisms use solar energy to make energy via photosynthesis. a. Autotrophic b. Heterotrophic 13. Where are the photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophyll located? a. Granum/Grana b. Thylakoid(s) c. Stroma 14. ________ organisms must obtain their energy from outside sources. a. Autotrophic b. Heterotrophic BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 15. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. Oxygen and glucose b. Carbon dioxide and water c. Glucose and water 16. What does photosynthesis require besides light energy? a. Oxygen and water b. Carbon dioxide and water c. Glucose and ATP 17. Which of the following statements describes photochemical reactions? a. Split water and energize electrons in the photosynthetic pigment molecules b. Responsible for fixing (converting) carbon into carbohydrate storage products 18. Which of the following statements describes biochemical reactions? a. Split water and energize electrons in the photosynthetic pigment molecules b. Responsible for fixing (converting) carbon into carbohydrate storage products 19. True or False: The rate of biochemical reactions is directly affected by light intensity and wavelength. a. True b. False 20. You place a plant in a sealed container, along with a tube of bromothymol blue, the pH indicator we used in lab. Recall that a blue color indicates a neutral pH, and yellow indicates an acidic pH. Increased amounts of carbon dioxide contribute to an acidic environment. What color should you expect the bromothymol blue to be after 24 hours, and WHY? Dark blue; the plant will consume the carbon dioxide inside the container, making the pH basic. 21. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis is used by these organisms for cell respiration. a. Heterotrophs b. Autotrophs c. Both A and B 22. The nutrients produced by photosynthesis may be broken down by these organisms during cell respiration. a. Heterotrophs b. Autotrophs c. Both A and B BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY ENZYMES 1. Enzymes are catalysts. What does that mean about their function? They reduce the amount of energy required for a reaction to take place. However, the enzyme does not need to be present for the reaction to take place. 2. Which of the following is true about enzymes? a. They increase the rate of chemical reactions b. They aren’t specific; they can catalyze any type of reaction c. They are consumed by the chemical reaction d. Enzymes are cholesterols e. All of the above 3. True or False: A chemical reaction cannot occur without an enzyme. 4. Which line in the graph below (A or B) indicates the amount of energy needed with an enzyme? Line B 5. True or False: All enzymes found in the human body have the same optimal pH. 6. Which of the following is not known to affect enzyme function? a. pH b. salt concentration c. saccharide concentration d. temperature 7. What happens to the substrates in a ligation enzymatic reaction? a. they are built up b. they are broken down c. they are destroyed BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 8. In Emil Fisher’s lock-and-key model of enzymatic reactions, what component is represented by the “key hole”? Active site 9. Label the enzymatic reaction below using the terms active site, enzyme, product, and substrate. substrate products active site enzyme 10. Enzymes are proteins. Therefore, the shape of an enzyme determines its __function__. 11. Enzymes are specific in three different ways. Name one of these ways. Possible answers: They catalyze only one specific reaction. They have a specific shape. They have a specific environment (temperature and pH) in which they can function optimally. 12. Is the enzymatic reaction shown below a synthesis or reduction reaction? Reduction BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 13. Is the enzymatic reaction shown below a synthesis or reduction reaction? Synthesis/ligation 14. Amylase in the saliva breaks carbohydrates down into free glucose molecules. Is this a ligation or reduction enzymatic reaction? Reduction 15. True or False: A denatured enzyme can regain proper function. 16. What substrate did we begin with when using rennilase to produce curds (“cheese”) and whey? Casein, a large protein found in milk 17. In our catalase experiment, why did the spinach slurry with vinegar added to it not produce bubbles as quickly as the other two slurries? Catalase does not function optimally in acidic environments. 18. Para-casein (protein in cheese curds) is broken down by protease to produce what products? (Hint: These were the “free” products in Test Tube A that we detected with ninhydrin.) Amino acids MITOSIS 1. Mitosis allows cells to do which of the following? a. Pass on genetic information from the parent cell to the daughter cells b. Provide growth and repair for multi-cellular organisms c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 2. Which type of cell undergoes mitosis? a. bacteria b. gametes of eukaryotic organisms c. somatic cells of eukaryotic organisms d. all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3. All of the following facts about mitosis are true except… a. It is a form of asexual reproduction. b. It involves replication of DNA and division of the nucleus. c. It produces two daughter cells. d. It produces daughter cells that are genetically identical. e. All of these statements are true. 4. The process of nuclear division, called ______, is often followed by the process of cytoplasmic (cell) division. a. karyokinesis b. cytokinesis c. photosynthesis d. catalyzation 5. True or false: In the life cycle of a somatic cell, the DNA is replicated once and the cell is divided twice. a. True b. False For questions 6 - 9, match the phases of the cell cycle to their correct definitions, using the answer choices below. Answer choices: a. G1 (or gap interval 1) b. S (or synthesis interval) c. G2 (or gap interval 2) d. Mitosis __A___ 6. Interval of Interphase occurring immediately after mitosis, during which the cell nearly doubles in size and all organelles duplicate __D___ 7. Phase during which division of the nucleus occurs and replicated DNA is dispersed to two identical daughter cells BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY __B___ 8. Interval of Interphase during which the cell’s DNA is replicated __C___ 9. Interval of Interphase during which a spindle assembly forms (in plants) or one pair of centrioles divides (in animals) and chromosomes begin to condense For questions 10 - 14, match the phases of mitosis to their correct definitions, using the answer choices below. Answer choices: a. Prophase d. Telophase b. Metaphase e. Cytokinesis c. Anaphase __B___ 10. Phase in which spindle fibers drag the chromosomes into alignment along the equatorial plate of the cell __A___ 11. Phase in which chromatin condenses into sister chromatids and the nuclear membrane disintegrates and releases the chromosomes into the cytoplasm __E___ 12. Phase in which division of the cytoplasm and associated structures results in two new identical daughter cells __C___ 13. Phase in which the spindle fibers at either end (pole) pull the sister chromatids apart, separating them into daughter chromosomes __D___ 14. Phase in which a nuclear envelope re-forms around the chromosomes at either end (pole), and chromosomes slowly uncoil and de-condense, resulting in two separate nuclei 15. What percentage of a cell’s life is spent in mitosis, or M phase? a. nearly 100% b. about 90% c. about 50% d. less than 10% 16. When a cell is ready to begin mitosis, it is… a. haploid b. diploid BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 17. During cytokinesis in plant cells, the Golgi apparatus provides vesicles with cellulose to build the _____. Daughter cells are formed when the synthesis of this structure is complete. a. metaphase plate b. plasma membrane c. cell plate d. cell wall 18. True or False: During cytokinesis of a plant cell, a cleavage furrow develops to pinch the parent cell into two daughter cells. 19. Identify the stage of mitosis in a plant cell (below). a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase 20. Identify the stage of mitosis in a plant cell (below). a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase 21. Which of the following correctly lists the phases of mitosis in chronological order? a. Anaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Prophase b. Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase c. Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 22. Which of the following defines karyokinesis? a. The division of the nucleus and its DNA within b. The division of the cytoplasm c. The division of the nucleus, its DNA within, and the cytoplasm BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY _A____ 23. Which cell below is undergoing prophase? A. B. C. _A____ 24. Which cell below is undergoing anaphase? A. B. C. __A___ 25. Which of the following depicts cytokinesis of an animal cell? A. B. C. BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY MEIOSIS 1. How many daughter cells are produced via meiosis? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 2. What is the term for the process of two gametes combining (to regain the diploid state)? a. Fertilization b. Meiosis c. Crossing over d. Synapsis e. Nuclear Division 3. True or False: Daughter cells produced via meiosis are identical to the parent cell. a. True b. False 4. In meiosis, genetic material is replicated and divided __. a. once; once b. once; twice c. twice; once d. twice; twice For questions 5 – 7, match the following definitions and terms. _C____ 5. Formation of male gametes a. Gametogenesis _B____ 6. Formation of female gametes b. Oogenesis _A____ 7. Formation of male and female gametes c. Spermatogenesis in animals BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 8. Why is the process of “crossing over” during meiosis important? a. It allows daughter cells to be genetically identical. b. It allows daughter cells to have genetic variability. c. It allows all four daughter cells to become functional gametes, instead of producing one functional egg and three nonfunctional polar bodies. d. It allows genetic information from sperm to cross over into the egg. 9. Which of the following is not shared by both mitosis and meiosis (in other words, what is different between the two processes)? a. Number of DNA replications b. Number of daughter cells c. Both A and B are different between mitosis and meiosis d. Neither A nor B are different between mitosis and meiosis 10. In Prophase I, chromosomes pair with their respective homologues in an event called _____. a. synapsis b. metaphase c. crossing over d. karyokinesis 11. In which phase of meiosis are homologus pairs of chromosomes separated? a. Anaphase I b. Anaphase II c. Telophase II d. Cytokinesis For questions 12 - 15, match the phases of Meiosis I to their correct definitions. Answer choices: a. Prophase I b. Metaphase I c. Anaphase I d. Telophase I BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY __B___ 12. Phase during which spindle fibers attach to each centromere and pull the chromosomes into alignment in the middle of the cell __C___ 13. Phase during which homologous paired chromosomes separate and are pulled to the opposite poles as the spindle fibers shorten __D___ 14. Phase during which chromosomes arrive at the poles and the nuclear envelope is reformed briefly __A___ 15. Phase during which synapsis and crossing over occur For questions 16 - 19, match the phases of Meiosis II to their correct definitions. Answer choices: a. Prophase II b. Metaphase II c. Anaphase II d. Telophase II __A___ 16. Phase during which duplicated centrioles move to opposite poles in each daughter cell and the nuclear membrane once again disintegrates __B___ 17. Phase during which spindle fibers attach to centromere and pull the chromosomes into allignment in the middle of the cell __C___ 18. Phase during which the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and become single stranded chromosomes __D___ 19. Phase during which the chromosomes complete their migration to the cell’s poles and a new nuclear membranes form 20. How many viable (functional) gametes does spermatogenesis produce? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 1 functional gamete and 3 polar bodies BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 21. How many viable (functional) gametes does oogenesis produce? a. 0 b. 2 c. 4 d. 1 functional gamete and 3 polar bodies 22. All of the following cellular processes contribute to genetic variation except… a. DNA mutation b. DNA replication c. Meiosis d. Mitosis **Both B and D are correct! 23. The daughter cells of meiosis are ____ because ____. a. haploid; they are not genetically identical to each other b. diploid; they are not genetically identical to each other c. haploid; they contain only one set of parental chromosomes d. diploid; they contain both sets of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) 24. Which figure below depicts Metaphase II? A. B. C. D. 25. What are the products of Meiosis I in oogenesis? a. Secondary oocyte and a polar body b. Ovum and a polar body c. 2 polar bodies BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 26. To the right is a rough diagram of spermatogenesis. Draw a box/circle around the product(s) of Meiosis I only. What are the ploidy levels of the arrows? Green arrow: Haploid Blue arrow: Also haploid GENETICS and HEREDITY 1. In Genus awesomicus snails the “B” allele codes for a shell with a zig-zagged pattern and the “b” allele codes for a dotted shell. What would a snail with the genotype Bb look like? a. Zigzagged shell b. Striped shell c. Solid shell 2. What is the term for a trait that can be masked by another trait? This type of trait can only be expressed if the gene pairing is homozygous. a. Dominant b. Genotype c. Phenotype d. Recessive 3. The physical expression of a gene pairing is called the ____. a. Dominant b. Genotype c. Phenotype d. Recessive 4. The actual gene pairing of a given trait is called the ____. a. Dominant b. Genotype c. Phenotype d. Recessive BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 5. What is the term for a trait that will always be expressed if its given allele is present in a gene pairing? a. Dominant b. Genotype c. Phenotype d. Recessive 6. What type of dominance involves the blending of two traits together so that the heterozygous genotype yields an intermediate phenotype? a. Co-dominance b. Incomplete dominance 7. What type of dominance involves equal phenotypic expression of both alleles present in a gene pair? a. Co-dominance b. Incomplete dominance 8. What percentage does the father contribute to the genetic make-up of an offspring? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% 9. If your mother’s chromosome has a recessive allele and your father’s chromosome has the dominant allele, your genotype is… a. Homozygous b. Heterozygous c. Co-dominant d. Homologous 10. Which of the following is a homozygous genotype? a. gg b. Gg c. GG d. A&C 11. Unlinked genes assort independently and are randomly distributed in gametes. a. True b. False BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 12. Given that albinism is a recessive trait, which of the following could be the genotype for albinism? a. AA b. Aa c. aa 13. A carrier is a person who has a gene and expresses its phenotype. a. True b. False 14. Louis Pasteur is the “father of genetics.” a. True b. False 15. Which law does the following statement describe? “Unlinked genes assort independently and are randomly distributed in gametes.” a. Law of Segregation b. Law of Independent Assortment c. Law of Genetic Linkage d. Mendel’s Law 16. What sort of sex chromosome(s) can an egg cell (ovum) pass on? a. X only b. Y only c. Either an X or a Y d. Ova do not pass on any sex chromosomes 17. What sort of gender chromosome(s) can a sperm (spermatozoan) cell pass on to offspring? a. X only b. Y only c. Either an X or a Y d. Spermatozoans do not pass on any sex chromosomes 18. What are the sex chromosomes of a male human? a. XX b. XY c. YY d. XXY 19. What are the sex chromosomes of a female human? a. XX b. XY c. YY BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY d. XXY 20. What is the term for a unit of inheritance on a chromosome? a. Allele b. Gene c. Locus 21. What is the term for the location of a gene on a chromosome? a. Allele b. Gene c. Locus 22. What is the term for a different form of a gene (variation of a trait) found on homologous chromosomes? a. Allele b. Gene c. Locus 23. What does the term heterozygous reveal about the alleles in a given genotype? a. One trait is being masked. b. Both alleles are either dominant or recessive (ex: BB or bb) c. One allele is dominant and one is recessive (ex: Bb) d. A & B are both true e. A & C are both true 24. Bob has a white rose plant and a red rose plant. This variety of rose is known to exhibit incomplete dominance. What sort of phenotype would crossing these two plants produce for heterozygous genotypes? a. Equally red and white roses b. Red roses c. Pink roses d. White roses For #25 – 30, use the fictitious scenario below. Dominant Alleles Recessive Alleles Chromosome 1 W = has wings w = no wings Chromosome 2 H = big horns h = small horns The mother dragon is heterozygous for the wing gene (Ww) and the horn gene (Hh). The father is homozygous recessive for the wing gene (ww) and the horn gene (hh). BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 25. What are the mother dragon’s phenotype for wings and horns? She has wings and big horns. 26. What are the father dragon’s phenotypes for wings and horns? He does not have wings and his horns are small. 27. Complete the Punnett Square to show the inheritance of the horn alleles for a mating between this mother and father dragon. H h h Hh hh h Hh hh 28. On average, what is the probability that a baby dragon will have big horns? 50% 29. What is the probability that a baby dragon will have no wings? 50% 30. True or false: If these parent dragons have four babies, their phenotypes will be the exact same four phenotypes in the Punnett square above. 31. Which of the following is the term for traits that originate from a combination of multiple genes working together to determine a phenotype? a. Linked traits b. Nondisjunction traits c. Polygenic traits 32. Which of the following is NOT a known polygenic trait in humans? a. Eye color b. Hair color c. Skin tone d. None of the above BIOL 1010 Lab Final Exam Practice ANSWER KEY 33. Pam breeds show cats. She wants to produce a solid black male kitten. Coat color is sex-linked and expressed as “B” for orange fur and “b” for black fur. Pam’s dame is orange (XBXB) and her sire is black (XbY). How likely is it that this cross will produce a solid black male kitten? a. 0% b. 25% XB XB c. 50% d. 75% Xb X BX b X BX b e. 100% Y X BY X BY 34. Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait seen in humans. Suppose a woman is a carrier of this trait. What does the term “carrier” mean? She carries the allele in her genotype, but does not express it in her phenotype. She has a 50% chance of passing on the colorblindness allele to her offspring. 35. Cindy expresses red-green colorblindness (a sex-linked recessive trait). Her genotype is homozygous. Her husband Frank does not have red-green colorblindness. They have recently learned they are pregnant with a son. What chance does he have of expressing red-green colorblindness? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100% Xc Xc XC X CX c X CX c  daughters (XX) Y XcY X cY  sons (XY) 36. True or False: If a father expresses a recessive sex-linked trait any son he may produce will also express the trait.