L17 - Cardiovascular System PDF

L17- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Systemic and pulmonary circulation Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, AUA LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the Pulmonary Circulation Describe the Systemic Circulation Describe the various types o...

L17- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Systemic and pulmonary circulation Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, AUA LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the Pulmonary Circulation Describe the Systemic Circulation Describe the various types of blood vessels Describe the mechanism of blood flow and blood pressure The circulatory system, sometimes called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all the cells in the body It picks up waste products generated by metabolic processes and delivers them to other organs for disposal. The heart provides the "muscle" needed to pump blood throughout the body. The system circulates blood in two circuits: The Pulmonary circuit and Systemic circuit.  PULMONARY CIRCULATION Heart: your heart pumps blood through two major pathways. 1) Pulmonary circulation Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a new oxygen supply. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION 2) Systemic circulation It returns oxygen rich blood and nutrients to the left atrium and is pumped out all over the body It also picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products.  Hormones from glands help regulate cell activity. Oxygen- Oxygen-rich poor blood blood enters enters the the heart Oxygen from heart from from the the lungs the body lungs (red, combines with (blue, top right side) nutrients to left) and is and is provide energy. pumped pumped out out to the to the body lungs (blue, (top) Nutrients from top right) the digestive system provide food for the cells. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM WORKS IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER BODY SYSTEMS, TO KEEP IT WORKING PROPERLY.  When the blood circulates through the digestive system, it picks up nutrients the body absorbed from the last meal.  the blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs. the circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart and the other cells of the body then picks up any waste products created by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products to the kidneys and lungs for disposal.  The circulatory system carries hormones from the endocrine system, and the immune system’s white blood cells that fight off infection.  The circulatory system provides the brain with a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood while the brain regulates the heart rate and blood pressure.  Your circulatory system delivers oxygen-rich blood to the bones. Meanwhile, your bones are busy making new blood cells. BLOOD VESSELS - Over 60,000 miles of blood vessels transport blood throughout the body. There are 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body. They are much thicker than Veins because of the high pressure of blood coming from the heart. Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood from the body back to the heart. Capillaries: Tiny tubes that carry blood from the arteries to the body’s cells, and then back to the veins.  CAPILLARIES Body tissues contain a vast network of thin capillaries. Capillary walls are only one cell thick, allowing exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes. Capillaries are so fine that red blood cells must line up single-file to go through them. ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARIES  BLOOD Blood forms about one-twelfth of the body weight of an adult, amounting to about 5 liters (11 pints) in volume. 45% – 50% is red Blood Cells Roughly 50–55 % of blood is plasma, the liquid-only portion in which cellular components are distributed. Plasma contains 90 per cent water with dissolved substances such as glucose (blood sugar), hormones, enzymes, and also waste products such as urea and lactic acid. Plasma also contains proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen (important in clotting), and globular proteins or globulins.  RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES) ⦿ They are Transporters of ◾Oxygen ◾Carbon Dioxide ⦿ Red Blood Cells ◾Lack a nucleus ◾Contain hemoglobin ◾Disk-shaped ⦿ They are produced in red bone marrow of the: ◾ribs ◾Humerus (upper arm bone) Their shape is described as ◾Femur (upper leg bone) Bio-Concave as they have ◾sternum, and other long bones depressions on both sides, ⦿ They live for 120 days so they have a maximum amount of surface to absorb oxygen from the lungs ⦿ Old red blood cells are destroyed in the liver and spleen  WHITE BLOOD CELLS White blood cells defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do not belong to the body. They are able to ooze through the walls of capillaries to patrol the tissues and reach the lymph system.  PLATELETS Platelets are cell fragments used in blood clotting. They are derived from megakaryocites. Because they lack a nucleus, platelets have a short lifespan, usually about 10 days.  THE 4 BLOOD TYPES The Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative. Rh positive is the most common blood type. There are four blood types. A, B , AB, and O. 1. A+, A- 2. B+, B- 3. Ab+, Ab- 4. 0+, O- ~ All blood has a Rh ~ The Rh determined the blood type. BLOOD PRESSURE As blood is moved through the body, it exerts pressure against the walls of blood vessels. Systolic Pressure: as the heart contracts to push blood into the arteries, the blood pressure is at its highest point. Diastolic Pressure: As the heart relaxes to refill, blood pressure is at its lowest point. There is an electrical system inside the heart that controls the rate (speed) and rhythm of the heart. A normal heart rhythm is called normal sinus rhythm (NSR). When there is a problem with the heart rhythm or rate, it is called arrhythmia. The heart’s electrical system It starts with an electrical signal in the right atrium, at the SA Node (sinoatrial node). The electrical signal then spreads throughout the heart from top to bottom (from atria to ventricles). As one part contracts, the others relax in a sequence. WHAT IS AN ECG OR AN EKG? - An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that checks how the heart is functioning by measuring the electrical activity of the heart. With each heartbeat, an electrical impulse (or wave) travels through your heart. This wave causes the muscle to squeeze and pump blood from the heart. An ECG measures and records the electrical activity that passes through the heart. A doctor can determine if this electrical activity is normal or irregular.  ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY, AND STENTS heart’s arteries can become blocked or narrowed from a buildup of cholesterol, cells or other substances (plaque) which can reduce blood flow to the heart and cause chest discomfort. Angioplasty opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to the heart muscle. It is not major surgery. It is done by threading a catheter (thin tube) through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery to the heart. The blocked artery is opened by inflating a tiny balloon in it. https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=p3z9FLYij rQ A pacemaker is a battery-operated device placed in the body to produce electrical pulses that cause the heart to beat at a normal rate.  COOL FACTS ABOUT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels!  An adult's heart pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood each day!  In one day the heart beats 100,000 times, which comes out to about 30 million times a year which is at least 2.8 billion times during the average life span – and with resting between beats !  A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the heart closing as they push blood through its chambers.  Women’s hearts beat faster than men’s.  A single drop of Blood contains 250 million red blood cells and 275,000 white blood cells ! Human lips have a reddish color because of the great concentration of tiny blood capillaries just below the skin. The blood in these capillaries is normally highly oxygenated and therefore quite red. This explain why the lips appear pale when a person is anemic. Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.  BIBLIOGRAPHY OpenStax books https://cnx.org/contents/GqYHW4Z4@7/Circulatory-Pathways https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system THE END