L 17

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  • Blood clotting
  • Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Defense against diseases
  • Production of hormones

What characteristic of red blood cells allows them to maximize oxygen absorption?

  • High hemoglobin content
  • Long lifespan of 240 days
  • Presence of a nucleus
  • Disk-shaped bio-concave structure (correct)

Which blood type is most commonly identified as Rh positive?

  • O+ (correct)
  • AB-
  • B+
  • A-

Where are platelets primarily derived from?

<p>Megakaryocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?

<p>120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the highest point of blood pressure during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Heart contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do white blood cells serve in the immune system?

<p>Defense against diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines a person's Rh blood type?

<p>Presence of specific antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?

<p>Transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into systemic circulation?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Pumping blood throughout the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cardiovascular system does carbon dioxide pickup occur?

<p>Body tissues during systemic circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

<p>Arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen enter the bloodstream during pulmonary circulation?

<p>From the lungs into the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the circulatory system perform in conjunction with the digestive system?

<p>Picks up nutrients absorbed from food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood after it returns to the left atrium?

<p>It gets distributed throughout the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the circulatory system in relation to carbon dioxide?

<p>Picking up waste carbon dioxide from body cells for disposal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of arteries?

<p>They must withstand high blood pressure from the heart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is formed by red blood cells in an adult body?

<p>45% – 50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of blood plasma plays a crucial role in clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes capillaries?

<p>They allow red blood cells to pass single-file through them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for returning deoxygenated blood to the heart?

<p>Veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in plasma?

<p>Red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the circulatory system support the brain?

<p>Through the constant delivery of oxygen-rich blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SA Node in the heart's electrical system?

<p>It initiates the electrical signal that spreads through the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an ECG or EKG test?

<p>To monitor changes in heart rhythm and electrical activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of a pacemaker?

<p>It provides electrical pulses to regulate the heart rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is described as restoring normal blood flow to the heart muscle?

<p>Angioplasty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does an adult's heart beat in a single day?

<p>Around 100,000 times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the sound of a heartbeat?

<p>The closing of the valves in the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might women have faster heartbeats than men?

<p>Due to smaller heart size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated distance of blood vessels in an adult's body?

<p>More than 60,000 miles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the main role of the circulatory system?

The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells, collects waste products, and carries hormones and immune cells.

What do arteries do?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

What do veins do?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the rest of the body.

What are capillaries and what do they do?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, enabling the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and cells.

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What are the main components of blood?

Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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What is plasma?

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, containing water, dissolved substances like glucose and hormones, and proteins like those involved in clotting.

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What do red blood cells do?

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

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What do white blood cells do?

White blood cells are part of the immune system, fighting infections and protecting the body from disease.

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What is the circulatory system?

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting essential substances throughout the body.

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What components make up the circulatory system?

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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Explain pulmonary circulation.

The pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

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Explain systemic circulation.

The systemic circulation carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and collecting waste products.

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What are the different types of blood vessels?

Blood vessels are responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, and capillaries are tiny vessels that facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.

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How is blood pressure created?

The heart acts as a pump, creating pressure that drives blood flow through the blood vessels.

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How does the circulatory system connect with other organ systems?

The circulatory system works in conjunction with other organ systems to maintain overall body function. It picks up nutrients from the digestive system and oxygen from the lungs.

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Why is the circulatory system important?

The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body, removing waste products such as carbon dioxide.

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What is the main function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

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Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

Red blood cells lack a nucleus, which allows them to carry more oxygen.

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What is hemoglobin and what does it do?

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, making it possible for the cells to transport oxygen throughout the body.

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What is the main function of white blood cells?

White blood cells are a part of the immune system and are responsible for fighting infections and protecting the body from diseases.

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What are platelets and what is their function?

Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

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What is the Rh factor and how does it affect blood types?

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If you have the protein, you are Rh positive, and if you lack it, you are Rh negative.

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What is blood pressure and how is it measured?

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. It is measured in two readings: systolic pressure (when the heart contracts) and diastolic pressure (when the heart relaxes).

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How does the heart control its rhythm and rate?

An electrical system within the heart controls the rate (speed) and rhythm (pattern) of heartbeats.

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What is normal sinus rhythm (NSR)?

A normal heart rhythm, where the electrical signals start in the sinoatrial node (SA Node) and spread throughout the heart in a coordinated manner.

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What is an arrhythmia?

An irregular or abnormal heart rhythm. It can be caused by problems with the heart's electrical system or the structure of the heart.

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What is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

A test that measures the electrical activity of the heart, helping doctors understand how well it's functioning.

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What is angioplasty?

A procedure that opens blocked arteries in the heart by inflating a tiny balloon inside the artery, restoring normal blood flow.

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What is a pacemaker?

A device implanted in the chest that sends electrical pulses to regulate the heartbeat, keeping it at a normal rate.

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What is plaque buildup?

A buildup of plaque (cholesterol, cells, etc.) inside the heart's arteries, which can narrow them and reduce blood flow.

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What is stenting?

The process of widening a narrowed artery by inserting a small, expandable tube (stent) into the artery.

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What is the heart’s role in the circulatory system?

The main pumping organ of the circulatory system, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Overview

  • The cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • It transports oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to all cells in the body.
  • It collects waste products from metabolic processes and delivers them to other organs for removal.
  • The heart acts as the pump, driving blood throughout the body.
  • Circulation occurs in two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Pulmonary Circulation

  • The pulmonary circuit transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
  • In the lungs, the blood picks up a fresh supply of oxygen.

Systemic Circulation

  • The systemic circuit returns oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the left atrium of the heart.
  • The heart pumps this blood throughout the body.
  • Waste products, including carbon dioxide, are collected and delivered to the lungs and kidneys for removal.

Blood Vessels

  • Over 60,000 miles of blood vessels transport blood throughout the body.
  • There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls due to high pressure.
  • Veins: Carry blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls compared to arteries.
  • Capillaries: Tiny vessels connecting arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes with body tissues. Capillary walls are single-cell thick.

Blood Composition

  • Blood constitutes about one-twelfth of an adult's body weight (approximately 5 liters).
  • Blood is primarily composed of:
    • Plasma (50-55%): Liquid portion containing water, dissolved substances (glucose, hormones, enzymes), and waste products (urea, lactic acid).
    • Red blood cells (45-50%): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Shaped like bio-concave discs, which maximize their surface area to absorb oxygen from the lungs. They are produced in the red bone marrow of various bones (ribs, humerus, femur, sternum).
    • White blood cells & platelets (1-2%): White blood cells fight infection; platelets are involved in blood clotting.
  •  Red blood cells (erythrocytes) have a lifespan of about 120 days.

Heart's Electrical System

  • The heart has an electrical system controlling its rate and rhythm.
  • This normal rhythm is known as Sinus Rhythm (NSR).
  • The SA Node (sinoatrial node) initiates electrical signals in the right atrium, which then spread throughout the heart, causing coordinated contraction and relaxation.
  • Abnormalities in this rhythm are called arrhythmias.

Diagnostic Tests

  • An ECG (electrocardiogram) measures and records electrical activity in the heart.

Procedures

  • Angioplasty opens blocked arteries.
  • It's done by threading a catheter through a small puncture to the heart, and inflating a tiny balloon to widen the blocked artery.
  • Pacemakers are battery-operated devices that regulate heartbeats.

Cool Facts

  • A human body contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
  • An adult's heart pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood each day.
  • The heart beats approximately 100,000 times per day (and up to 2.8 billion times during a lifetime). The 'beat' is the sound of the valves closing.
  • Women's hearts generally beat faster than men's.
  • A single drop of blood contains millions of red and white blood cells.

Angina

  • Angina is chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

Additional Factors

  • Blood types (A, B, AB, O, and Rh factors) exist.
  • The color of lips depends on blood oxygenation.

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