L1. Introduction To Minerals PDF

Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals Geol 103: Elementary Mineralogy Outline Mineral Definition Mineraloids Core Disciplines and Branches of Mineralogy History of Mineralogy Importance of Minerals Naming Minerals Reference of Mineralogy Lec 1 Introduction  What is a mineral? Lec 1: I...

Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals Geol 103: Elementary Mineralogy Outline Mineral Definition Mineraloids Core Disciplines and Branches of Mineralogy History of Mineralogy Importance of Minerals Naming Minerals Reference of Mineralogy Lec 1 Introduction  What is a mineral? Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a highly ordered atomic arrangement and a definite (but not generally fixed) chemical composition. It is usually formed by inorganic processes. Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring - made through natural processes and not those produced by humans using laboratory techniques. Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring -not consisting of or deriving from living matter Inorganic process - A traditional definition but now it is prefaced with “Usually” so that we can include some compounds that formed from organic processes. Calcite Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Apatite Naturally occurring Inorganic process Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Calculi or hydroxylapatite Naturally occurring Inorganic process Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring -consist of a single, solid substance that cannot be physically subdivided into simpler Inorganic process chemical compounds. Homogeneous solid Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Is ice a mineral? Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Is ice a mineral? Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring -Implies that minerals can be expressed by a specific chemical formula. Inorganic process Homogeneous solid Definite chemical composition Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring -Implies that minerals can be expressed by a specific chemical formula. Inorganic process -“not generally fixed” to include impurities that Homogeneous solid might appear. Definite (but not generally fixed) chemical composition Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 may contain considerable amounts of Fe and Mn in place of Mg. Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring -the atoms are arranged in an ordered geometric pattern called crystal structure Inorganic process Homogeneous solid Definite chemical composition Ordered internal structure Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a mineral? Naturally occurring Inorganic process Homogeneous solid Definite chemical composition Ordered internal structure Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Graphite is a mineral.  Mineraloid Has mineral-like chemistry and occurrence but does not demonstrate an ordered atomic arrangement Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a gem? Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  What is a gem? Mineral that possess sufficient beauty to be used in jewelry or for personal adornment Qualifications: 1. Beauty 2. Durability 3. Rarity 4. Vagarity of fashion 5. Portability Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Mineralogy Study of the physics and chemistry of natural, solid, crystalline materials Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Petrology Sedimentology Economic geology Mineralogy Structural Geophysics geology Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Mineralogy is a core discipline within earth sciences. Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Crystallography Branches of Physical mineralogy mineralogy Chemical mineralogy Environmental mineralogy Descriptive mineralogy Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  History of mineralogy Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography  Stone Age Prospecting with a (A) fork stick and (B) trenching in the fifteenth century A B Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  Early Civilization Pigments made of red hematite and black manganese oxide were used in cave paintings Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  Early Civilization Flint tools made for silica and or chert were used during the stone age Tomb paintings in Nile valley, Egypt shows busy artificers weighing malachite and precious metals, smelting mineral ores, and making delicate gems of lapis lazuli and emerald. Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  Bronze Age Divided into: Copper age, Bronze age, Iron age Began ~6000 years ago Used mainly for ornaments and jewelry rather than tool making Discovery of smelting: extraction of metal from ore through heating and melting Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  300 BC to 200 AD: Greek Philosophers Aristotle -wrote Meteorologica ”all known substance are composed of water, air, earth and fire” Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  300 BC to 200 AD: Greek Philosophers Theophrastus wrote the first book on mineralogy. Pliny wrote Natural Historia and recorded the mineralogical though of his time. Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1556: Georgius Agricola -German physician -Published De Re Metallica -A single event that signaled the emergence of mineralogy aa s a science -book gives a detailed account of the mining practices of the time -includes the first factual account of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1780: Carangeot - Invented the contact goniometer used in the measurement of interfacial angles. Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1783: Jean-Baptiste L. Rome de I’isle -Made angular measurements on crystals confirming Steno’s work - Formulated the Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Rene J. Hauy 1784: Showed that crystals were built by stacking together tiny identical building blocks, which he called integral molecules 1801: Through his study of hundreds of crystals, developed the theory of rational indices for crystal faces Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1809: William Wollaston -Invented the reflecting goniometer -Allowed for more accurate and precise measurements of the positions of crystal faces -Made crystallography an exact science Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1779 – 1848: Jons Jacob Berzelius -Along with his students, studied the chemistry of minerals -Developed the principles of our present chemical classification of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1828: William Nicol -Invention of the Nicol prism - the first device for obtaining plane polarized light Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy 1912: Max Von Laue -Demonstrated that crystals could diffract x-rays, In an experiment performed by Friedrich and Knipping -Proved the regular and ordered arrangement of atoms in crystalline material Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Early 1960s: Invention of the Electron Microprobe -Allowed for the study of the chemistry of minerals on a micro-scale -Now routinely used for the study of the chemistry of minerals, synthetic compounds and glasses -Can provide accurate, many-element analyses of solid materials in a grain size as small as one micrometer (0.001 mm) Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Early 1970s: Invention of the Electron Beam Instrument -It can magnify the internal architecture of minerals many millions of times -High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) -Allows the study of crystalline materials at resolutions approaching the scale of atomic distances Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Naming of Minerals MINERAL CLASSIFICATION Most commonly classified based on the presence of a major chemical component (anion or anion-complex) Convenient because most minerals contain only one major anion Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Naming of Minerals 7 classification of mineral based on the major chemical component Native Element Sulfides Oxides Carbonates Sulfates Halides Silicates Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Naming of Minerals May be named after a locality, public figure, a mineralogist, or almost any other subject considered appropriate Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Albite from the Latin albus meaning white Chromite because of the presence of a large amount of chromium in the mineral Magnetite because of its magnetic properties Luzonite after the largest island in the Philippines, Luzon, where it was originally discovered Cummingtonite named in 1824 by Chester Dewey for the type locality in Cummington, Massachusetts, USA. Naming of Minerals Commission on New Minerals and New Mineral Names - reviews all new mineral descriptions and judges the appropriateness of new mineral names as well as the scientific characterization of newly discovered mineral species. Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  As of July 2023, IMA recognizes 5,955 Mineral stats official mineral species ~30 common minerals ~10 rock-forming minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Uses of minerals  Uses of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Uses of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Uses of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Uses of minerals A new born infant will need a lifetime supply of 795 lbs of lead (car batteries, solder, and electronic components) 757 lbs of zinc ( as an alloy of copper to make brass, as protective coatings, and chemical compounds of rubber and paints) 1500 lbs of copper (electronic motors, generators, communication equipment and wiring) 3593 lbs of aluminum (beverage cans, aircrafts) 32700 bs of Iron ( kitchen utensils, automobiles, ships, large buildings) 28213 lbs of salt (cooking and detergents) 1,238101 lbs of sand, gravel and cement ( for building roads, homes, schools, offices , and factories) Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy Uses of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals and Crystallography Reference of Mineralogy A System of Mineralogy in 1937 By James D. Dana -first comprehensive book on mineralogy in English -through subsequent revisions it has remained a standard reference work. Lec 1: Introduction to Mineralogy  If it can’t be grown, then it has to be mined. Importance of minerals Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals  #MinCup2023 this September Nominate minerals to compete! https://www.mineralcup.org/mineral- cup-2023 Lec 1: Introduction to Minerals To know how much there is to know is the beginning of learning to live.” —Dorothy West  Questions? Department of Geology College of Engineering and Geosciences Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City