Earth Science PDF

Characteristics that are necessary to support life Differentiation of rock forming minerals based on 1. The sun physical and chemical properties 2. Earth’s distance 3. Earth’s atmosphere...

Characteristics that are necessary to support life Differentiation of rock forming minerals based on 1. The sun physical and chemical properties 2. Earth’s distance 3. Earth’s atmosphere 1. Silicate Class (SiO4) 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 2. Carbonate Class (CO3) 3. Sulfate Class (SO4) 4. Sulfide (S) 5. Halide Class (NaCl) 6. Oxide Class (O) 7. Phosphate Class (PO4) 8. Native Elements (pure element) Types of rocks 1. Igneous rocks cooling of molten rock at or below the surface of the Earth A. Intrusive Igneous rocks molten rocks cool and solidify beneath the surface of the Earth E.g. Diorite, Rhyolite (most silica rich), Basalt (90% volcanic rocks on earth), Gabbro, Granite B. Extrusive Igneous rocks lava cools and solidifies at the surface of the Earth 4. Magnetic Field e.g. Obsidian, Pacite, Anasite, Scoria, Pumice 5. Liquid water 6.. Chemical componds 2. Sedimentary rocks 7. Earth’s moon Factors 1. Weathering - breaking down of rocks Earth’s Subsystem and Flow of Matter and Energy A. Mechanical - mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical com 1. Geosphere - all solid parts of the Earth position 2. Atmosphere - thin gaseous layer that surrounds the lithosphere B. Chemical - decomposition of rocks and minerals 3. Hydrosphere - water surrounding the surface of the globe due to chemical reactions. Examples include 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with liquid water. oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation Salt water which is 96.5 % and the fresh water is only 2. Erosion - transportation of weathered materials from one 2.5% place to another 4. Biosphere Agents: A. carbon cycle is defined as the biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between Earth’s systems Wind: Can erode sand, soil, and rocks. Water: Rivers, streams, and oceans can erode and Differentiation of rock forming minerals based on transport sediment. physical and chemical properties Ice: Glaciers can erode the landscape through abrasion and plucking. What is a mineral? Gravity: Mass wasting processes like landslides and 1. Solid substance creep can transport material downslope. 2. Natural occurring 3. Deposition - settling and accumulation of eroded materials 3. Chemical composition ( a compound) in a new location. 4. Crystal structure 4. Lithification - sediments are transformed into sedimentary rock. Physical properties of minerals 5. Cementation 1. Crystal shape - crystalline structure 2. Color 3. Metamorphic rock Heat and pressure applied 3. Luster 4. Streak 1. Contact Metamorphism Non metallic - white where rock minerals and texture are changed, Metalic - hindi white mainly by heat 5. Hardness 2. Regional Metamorphism 6. Cleavage when rocks buried deep beneath the earth's Tendency of a crystal to break along smooth, flat planes of structural weakness surface are changed by high temperature and 7. Fracture - irregular pressure. 8. Specific gravity - density 3. Low grade metamorphism - mababa 4. High grade metamorphism - mataas How are ores mined? 1. Impoundment facilities - Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam. 1. Surface Mining → Utilized to extract ore minerals How it works? that are close to the Earth’s surface Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, Different Types incudes; spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce elec- a. Open pit mining c. Placer mining tricity. b. Quarrying d. Strip mining 2. Run-of-river facilities, rely more on natural water flow rates, 2. Underground Mining → utilized to extract ore diverting just a portion of river water through turbines, some- minerals from the ore body times without the use of a dam or reservoirs. that is deep under the Earth’s surface 3. Pumped storage facilities are similar but have a second reser- voir below the dam. Water can be pumped from the lower reser- Milling process voir to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use at a later time. 1. Heavy media separation. The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/ denser Types of dam minerals sink thus are separated from the lighter minerals. 1)Diversion Dam-- to divert water. They provide pressure 2. Magnetic Separation. If the metals or mineral is 2) Buttress Dam-- takes many forms, but all consist of a magnetic the crushed ore is separated from the waste sloping deck supported by intervals of buttresses. There materials using powerful magnet. 3. Flotation. The powdered ore is placed into an agi- 3) Embankment Damn-- is a large, artificial dam that is con- tated and frothy slum where some minerals and metals structed with natural excavated materials or industrial waste materials, such as compacted plastics, and based on physical and chemical properties may either various compositions of soil, sand, rock, and clay. sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top thus separating the minerals and metals 4) Cofferdam--is a temporary, portable dam used for a variety form waste. of projects including bridge repair, shoreline restoration, pipe- 4. Cyanide heap leaching. This method is used for low line installation, and many other construction projects. grade gold ore where the crushed rock is placed on a 5) Storage Dam-- are not mean to divert or keep water out, but “leach pile” where cyanide solution is to keep water in. sprayed or dripped on top of the pile. METHODS OF EXTRACTIONS: 6) Detention Dam-- are specifically constructed for flood con- trol by retarding flow downstream 1. Metallurgy, is a process that is used for the extrac- tion of metals in their pure form. 7) Gravity Dam--is a massive, man-made concrete dam de- 2. Reduction is the removal of oxygen from metallic signed to hold large volumes of water. oxide. 3. Electrolysis is a process that uses electricity to separate the elements in a compound. 4. Leaching uses plants to absorb metals from the soil WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS AND ITS USES? COAL - A hard, black colored substance made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur. PETROLEUM - Black Gold NATURAL GAS - is a clean and non-toxic fossil fuel. Piero Ginori Conti - Inventor of first geothermal electric power plant