ES week 3 Minerals 2.pdf

Review 1. What is the goldilocks zone? 2. What are the barriers that lessen the radiation from the sun 3. What is a close system 4. What are the layers of atmosphere and its characteristic 5. WHat is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere ...

Review 1. What is the goldilocks zone? 2. What are the barriers that lessen the radiation from the sun 3. What is a close system 4. What are the layers of atmosphere and its characteristic 5. WHat is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere  Review 6. Compare community to ecosystem 7. Give an idea that was given by Humboldt 8. Differentiate and elaborate Gradualism and Catastrophism 9. discuss Uniformitarianism 10. discuss the idea of Darwin about Natural Selection and Genetic mutation Earth’s Material: Minerals Review the Layers of the Earth Review the Layers of the Earth Earths Materials Substance used extensively in several geological and biological process 1. Water 2. Soil 3. Energy 4. Rocks 5. Minerals Earths Materials Substance used extensively in several geological and biological process 1. Water Most essential materials for biological beings. e.g Photosynthesis, Transport of materials and energy through erosion and weathering Earths Materials Substance used extensively in several geological and biological process 2. Soil Mixture of organic and inorganic materials (minerals, rocks, humus) that makes the physical aspect of the planet Earths Materials Substance used extensively in several geological and biological process 3.Energy Can be renewable or Non-renewable Earths Materials Substance used extensively in several geological and biological process 4. Rocks Aggregate of minerals Earths Materials 5. Minerals Homogenous, Naturally occuring, solid inorganic substance with a difinable chemical composition and has internal structure that is arrange in a orderly Minerals lattice structure  Minerals 1. Homogenous - consist of components that are the same. if broken down; it will break into a smaller fragments that has same compositions 2. Naturally Occuring - formed in nature and found in nature 3. Inorganic - absence of Carbon-Hydrogen Bond or Hydrocarbons  Minerals 4. Solid - has form and shape. forms a crystal lattice 5. Definable Chemical Composition - consist of a particular chemical composition like SiO2 or Silica or Silicon Dioxide Silicon Dioxide / Quartz Is Water Question: considered as Mineral??? Minerals Inorganic, solid, possess orderly internal structure, has definite chemical composition, and occurs naturally in nature Elements in minerals form structures called “ Crystal Lattice” which responsible for its shape Crystal System/form Formation of Minerals  Formation of Minerals 1.Solidication of Melts 2. Precipitation from a Solution 3. Solid State Diffusion 4. Biomineralization 5. Fumarolic Mineralization  Formation of Minerals Solidification of Melts Freezing of liquid Substance or the loss of temperature of liquid substance to form a solid state Extrusive rocks & Ice  Formation of Minerals Precipitation of Solution Bonding of particles in a liquid substance or water and seperation out to form a solid state Salt from Sea water Common process are evaporation and decantation Formation of Minerals Solid State Diffusion Migration or movement of particles of matter while in the solid state. happens under extreme pressure and heat diffusion of particle this Process happens in the formation of diamond, graphite, and metamorphic rocks underground  Formation of Minerals BioMineralization Synthesis of Minerals by living organism. these are commonly seen in animals with mineral structure within and in surface of their body  Formation of Minerals Fumarolic Mineralization formation of solid minerals from gases seen in volcanic vents or fumarole. Sulfur compounds are common minerals that are formed in fumaroles  Minerals minerals are usually called by chemical and mineral name some names are old greek or latin name like orpiment (auri pigmentum) and chalcocite (copper or brass) Example: Lead sulphide = Galena Sodium Chloride = Halite Halite or Rock salt  Minerals Minerals are elements or compounds are found abundant in the earth. these elements are compounded to form inorganic compounds of minerals the 0.8 percent are the remaining element in the Periodic table there are 3500 minerals in the earth’s crust under the 4 classification of minerals Classification of Minerals 1. Silicates Granite Common 2. Oxides rocks in the 3. Sulfides crust 4. Sulfates 5. Halides 6. Carbonates Feldspar alumino silicate mineral Classification of Minerals Fiberoptic use for telecoms made of 1. Silicates Quartz Major rock forming minerals contains SiO4 or Silicon Oxygen tetrahedron Examples: Olivine (Mg,Fe)SiO4 Forsterite Mg2SiO4 Silicon based fayalite Fe2SiO4 fireproofing materials Quartz SiO2 Classification of Minerals 2. Oxides hematite Contains Metal Cations bonded with Oxygen Commonly called ore minerals because of the abundant amount of metals Example: Magnetite Fe3O4 hematite Fe2o3 Magnetite Classification of Minerals 3. Sulfides pyrite Metal ions bonded with sulfide S2 Also classified as Ore minerals they are lustruss minerals Examples Galena - lustruss Pyrite Acanthite Acanthite Sphalerite they are use in batteries, fertilizers, pesticides etc Classification of Minerals 4. Sulfates Gypsum Board Commonly formed in the process of precipitation Non-metal Metal bonded with SO42 Example Gypsum CaSO42 Barite BaSO42 Anhydrite CaSO4 2H2O Barite commonly used in paint production Classification of Minerals 5. Halides Halogen ions bonded other elemets Salts Flourite CaF2 Rock Salt NaCl Flourite commonly used in fertilizer, seasoning Classification of Minerals Dolomite used by the DENR to 6. Carbonates create artificial sand and for graft CO3 as anion bonding with Ca and Mg Example Dolomite Calcite Calcite used in building materials, drugs, and agriculture Classification of Minerals Steel and other alloy material for heavy 7. Native Metals construction Common use Steel and other alloy used in Infastructure Copper for Heavy machineries, appliances and wirings wirings Mercury as indicator of temperature on thermometer Mercury on old thermometer Classification of Minerals Precious A. Gem Minerals gemstone Gemstones are hardened minerals with specific arrangement of atoms optical test and chemical test are use to identify these minerals they are cut and polished characterized by their refractive index and dispersion this includes precious and semi precious stones Precious gems are Diamond, Emerald, Sapphire, Ruby Semi Precious Gem Classification of Minerals A. Gem Minerals Common use Quartz are use in the mechanism for watches Diamonds can be use in drill bits and saw edges for cutting and drilling Diamond Edge Drill Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments 1. Crystal Form - the Arrangement of atom Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments Borax 2. Luster - Quality of light vs reflected from the surface of Platinum a mineral Metals reflects good but non- metals does not reflect like metals Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments 3 different color of 3. Color - most obvious but Quartz the most unreliable some minerals have their own unique color but some have various colors Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily Hematite Streak identify without aid of special eqiupments 4. Streak - color of the minerals in its poweder form  Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments 5. Cleavage- tendency of a minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. breaking it leaves a smooth plane 6. Fracture - tendency of a minerals to do not exhibit cleavagewhen broken. breaking it leaves a rough irregular surface  Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments 7. Specific Gravity - ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of the volume of water 8. Hardness - resistance to abbrassion and scratch  Properties of Minerals Properties that can be easily identify without aid of special eqiupments 7. Specific Gravity - ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of the volume of water 8. Hardness - resistance to abbrassion and scratch- measured using Mohs Scale  Importance of Minerals 1. Plays a major role in the industry 2. Part of our natural resources 3. 5th as most mineralized country in the world -49 metallic mines are currently operating and local small scale gold mining in communities Few important locations of Mines in the Philippines are Makayan District in Illegal Gold Mines in Bohol Benguet of copper and gold, Surigao- davao for gold, and Palawan for nickel one of the reason why minerals is rich in the country are the presence of Volcanoes Assignemnt Per group bring the following materials 1. Copper coin or any copper piece 2. iron nail 3. knife-swiss knife 4. concrete nail 5. steel file Individually bring 1. one rock 2. bondpaper and Oslo Paper