L1 - Anatomical Terms and Skeletal System.pdf

Lecture 1 ANATOMICAL TERMS AND SKELETAL SYSTEM Color Index: Main text Boys' Slides Girls' Slides...

Lecture 1 ANATOMICAL TERMS AND SKELETAL SYSTEM Color Index: Main text Boys' Slides Girls' Slides Important Dr's Notes Extra Editing File OBJECTIVES Define the word “Anatomy”. Enumerate the different anatomical fields. Describe the anatomical position. Describe different anatomical terms of position & movements as well different anatomical planes. Classify bones according to shape, structure & development. Enumerate different bones of both axial & appendicular skeleton. What is Anatomy? Girls' Slides The word Anatomy is of Greek origin meaning - cutting up (ana= up; tome= cutting). - Dr said focus on Girls’ Slide for - Anatomy can also be: Examination - the study of the shape & structure of the body parts. - Subdivisions of anatomical science: - Co & Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye. - - Microscopic - anatomy;& (Histology): Study of fine structure (cells & - - tissues) of the human - body with the help of microscope. - G Developmental anatomy; ( Embryology). - Radiological anatomy: The study of the body and its organs and - - M tissues using x-ray imaging. Applied anatomy: application of anatomical knowledge, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Surface anatomy: superficial anatomy, without dissection (‫)ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬. - Surgical anatomy: study of the structure and morphological - - characteristics of the tissues and organs of the body as they relate to - surgery. -  Anatomical Position It is the standard position in which the body assume to describe its parts. Body is Erect - Arms are hanging by the side Palms facing forward - - Feet are parallel Anatomical Terminology TERMS OF POSITION: Superior/cephalic (cranial): near to head. Anterior (ventral): near to front. Inferior (caudal): away from head. Posterior (dorsal): near to back. Medial: near to median plane. Superficial: near to skin (surface). Lateral: away from median plane. Deep: away from skin. Proximal: near to trunk.(Closer to origin) like the skin is superficial to the ribs, Distal: away from trunk. (Further Away) and the lung is deep to the ribs. ↑ ↓ ↑ - - ↓ 8 Anatomical Terminology TERMS OF GENERAL MOVEMENT: Flexion(‫)اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬: approximation of 2 parts (decreasing the angle between 2 parts). Extension(‫)اﻧﺒﺴﺎط‬: straightening (increasing the angle between 2 parts). Abduction: away from median plane. Adduction: toward median plane. Lateral rotation: rotation away from median plane. Medial rotation: rotation toward median plane. Circumduction: combined movements of flexion,extension, abduction & adduction. Special movements Girls' of the upper limb Slides Opposition Bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up Supination Lateral rotation of the forearm. -The palm faces Anteriorly. -The radius and unla are Parallel. radius and ulna are forearm bones Pronation -Medial rotation of the forearm. -The palm faces Posteriorly. -The radius crosses the ulna and the two bones form an X. Special movements of the lower limb Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Flexing the foot up Flexing the foot down (Standing on the heels). (Movement with pointing the toes). Inversion Eversion The sole(‫ )ﺑﺎﻃﻦ اﻟﻘﺪم‬faces The sole faces in a in a medial direction. lateral direction. ANATOMICAL PLANES & SECTIONS Body Cavities Girls' Slides Ventral body cavity It is divided by diaphragm into: Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm, contains: heart & lungs. Abdominal cavity: inferior to diaphragm, contains: stomach, intestine, liver, urinary bladder, etc... (abdominopelvic cavity consists of Abdominal and Pelvic cavity) O ⑳ Dorsal body cavity It is also divided into 2 parts that are continuous with each other: Cranial cavity: space inside skull, contains brain. Spinal cavity: space inside vertebral column, contains spinal cord. Skeletal System 1 Bones - 2 joints : articulations between bones - * - Blood cell formation # Movement of the body as a Support of - whole, or of the the body iFunction of body parts. - bones: Storage of fat Attachment and minerals of muscles. e.g. calcium - and P - phosphorus. - Protection of J soft body organs.  Classifications of bone Compact Membrane > - - Spongy Cartilage 5 - O Structure OShape f Development = E.g: Femur, humerus, E.g: Carpal and tibia, fibula, clavicle, metatarsal, and tarsal bones. metacarpals provide stability Long support the weight of and some the body and facilitate movement. movement. Short E.g: Vertebrae and Flat P E.g: cranium (occipital, parietal and frontal of sacrum, hips, bones the skull), sternum, of the face. vary in shape and Irregular j scapula, ribs. protect internal organs structure, don't fit such as the brain, into any other category. Sesamoid heart, and pelvic organs. protect internal - also provide large organs, for example: areas of attachment the vertebrae protect E.g: Patella for muscles. the spinal cord. bones embedded in tendons. commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. protect tendons from stress.  Boys' Types of Slides Osseous Tissue There are two types of osseous tissue making up bones: Compact/hard bony Cancellous/spongy tissue (cortical tissue) tissue. made up of closely has spaces in between packed cells which have the cells, giving it a thin canals running lattice-like (network) through them for blood appearance. vessels to pass through. generally found on the inside of bones Usually located on the highly vascular outside of bones houses the bone Gives bones their marrow where characteristic: hard, haematopoiesis smooth, white (formation of blood appearance. components) takes place. The difference lies in the denseness of the cells. The Skeleton Formed of 206 bones. The smallest bones are the ossicles in the ear The largest bones are the femurs in the thighs Divided into: 1. Axial skeleton: Bones forming the trunk (longitudinal axis) of body. 2. Appendicular skeleton: Bones forming the girdles & limbs. Axial Appendicular Pectoral Skull girdle Vertebral Pelvic girdle column Sternum upper limb Ribs Lower limb  THE SKELETON Appendicular Axial skeleton skeleton Bones of Axial Skeleton Girls' Skull Slides Cranium bones Facial bones Frontal Maxilla Occipital Nasal Parietal Zygomatic Temporal Mandible Bones of Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column Number: 33 vertebrae It’s 26 Functions: protects spinal vertebrae cord and supports the body when they fuse Formed of : 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae fused to form sacrum 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form coccyx. Girls' Slides Bones of Axial Skeleton Sternum Xiphoid Manubrium Body process Ribs All ribs articulate with vertebrae posteriorly Only upper 7 pairs articulate with sternum, (true ribs) 8th ,9th & 10th ribs are false ribs 11th & 12th ribs are floating ribs  Girls' Slides Bones of Appendicular Skeleton PECTORAL GIRDLE Connects upper limb with axial skeleton. Formed of: Clavicle Scapula (2 bones on each side) PELVIC GIRDLE Connects lower limb with axial skeleton. Formed of: Hip bone (one only on each side) Bones of Appendicular Skeleton UPPER LIMB Bone of arm Humerus Bones of forearm Radius (lateral) ulna (medial) Bones of the hand 8 carpal bones. 5 metacarpal bones. 14 phalanges. 2 for thumb & 3 for each of medial 4 fingers. Numbers only in Girls‘ Slides Bones of Appendicular Skeleton LOWER LIMB Bone of thigh Femur Bones of leg Fibula (lateral) Tibia (medial) Patel Bones of foot 7 tarsal bones. 5 metatarsal bones. Numbers only in Girls‘ Slides 14 phalanges. 2 for big toe & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes. Long Bones A shaft (diaphysis): composed of compact bone. Covered by periosteum. (Fibrous Connective tissue) Two ends (epiphysis): composed of spongy bone. Covered by articular cartilage. Metaphysis: This is the region of contact between epiphysis & diaphysis. The metaphysis contains epiphyseal plate of cartilage responsible for linear bone growth.  Boys' Slides Inner Membrane of Long Bones Inner bony surface of shaft is covered by endosteum In Infants, the medullary cavity(cavity in shaft) is a storage area of red marrow Until age 6 or 7 red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow which stores Adipose fat tissue In adults, red marrow is confined in spongy bone in axial, hip bone and epiphysis of long bones Bone makings Projections or processes: grow from bone surface Depressions or cavities: indentations in the bone  Boys' Slides Pathology & Diseases Herniated Curvature of Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Fractures Intervertebral Spine Disc it is a softening of the occurs when there is Kyphosis: A fracture is a break Intervertebral discs bones due to a lack a decrease in bone an abnormal convex or crack in a bone. are pillows of of vitamin D or a density due to bones or posterior curvature fibrocartilagenous problem with the losing minerals, such ofthe thoracic spine. tissue located body’s ability to as calcium, more It is also called between the Fractures are caused metabolize and quickly than the body hunchback or vertebrae of the by trauma such as a absorb this vitamin. can replace them. humpback. spine. faller motor vehicle accident, through overuse or repetitive Adequate amounts of Bones become Lordosis: movementsas may Sometimes as a result vitamin D are porous and brittle an abnormal occur in athletes, or of an acute injury to essential for the body resulting in an concave or anterior as a result of a the spine or because to be able to absorb increased likelihood curvature ofthe disease process such of degenerative wear calcium and of fractures. lumbar spine. It is as osteoporosis that and tear to a disc, it phosphorous into the also called a sway weakens the bones. splits or ruptures. bloodstream. back. While any bone can When this happens, Fractures are Vitamin D deficiency be affected by the inner gel-like Scoliosis: classified by type may be caused by a osteoporosis, the substance (nucleus a lateral S-shaped and whether they are lack in the diet, most common sites pulposus) leaks out curvature of the open or closed. limited exposure to for osteoporotic into the spinal canal. spine. sunlight which fractures are the hip, This is called a Open fracture: produces vitamin D spine, ribs, pelvis, herniation of the a fracture in which in the body, or wrist and upper arm. nucleus pulposus — there is an open malabsorption by the wound or a herniated disc. intestines. communicating with While it is most the fracture exposing frequently seen in the underlying bone. The most common Treatment involves postmenopausal There is an increased site for a herniated vitamin D, calcium, women due to risk of infection with disc is in the lumbar and phosphorous decreased levels of an open fracture. spine especially at supplements. oestrogen, L4–L5. In children, osteoporosis can Closed fracture: osteomalacia is occur in younger the bone is broken called rickets. women and in men. but there is no open Symptoms will vary depending on the site and degree of the wound. herniation but can include paraesthesia sciatica and back pain. Some patients will not experience any pain at all. Many cases will resolve spontaneously with bed rest, Extra information analgesics and physiotherapy, but if the condition persists, that you can read more invasive treatmentsuch as discectomy or laminectomy may be required.  Boys' Joints Slides Joints are the location where two or more bones come together to create body movement or articulation. Classification Of Joints Movement Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Number of Bones Involved Simple two articulation surfaces (shoulder and hip joints) Compound three or more articulation surfaces (radiocarpal joint) Complex two or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or meniscus (knee joint) Extra information that you can read  Boys' Joints Slides Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move. Cartilage This is a type of tissue that covers the surface of a bone at a joint. it helps reduce the friction Synovial of movement within a Meniscus Membrane joint. lines the joint and seals it This is a curved part of into a joint capsule. cartilage in the knees secretes a clear, sticky and other joints. fluid (synovial fluid) around the joint to lubricate it. Joints Ligaments consist of Bursae Strong ligaments (tough, Fluid-filled sacs, elastic bands of between bones, connective tissue) ligaments, or other surround the joint to give nearby structures. support and limit the joint's movement. Tendon They help cushion the friction in a joint. It connects bones together. another type of tough connective tissue, is on each side of a joint attach to muscles that control movement of the joint. Extra information that you can read  MCQs 1 Which one of the following bones is a bone of the axial skeleton? A. Femur B. Humerus C. Scapula D. Sternum 2 Which one of the following bones is an example of an irregular bone? A. Femur B. Vertebra C. Scapula D. Sternum 3 Which one of the following planes divides the body into superior & A. Frontal inferior parts? B. Sagittal C. Parasagittal D. Transverse (coronal) plane. (Paramedian) plane 4 (median) plane. (cross) plane. All ribs articulate with vertebrae? A. Anteriorly B. Posteriorly C. Superficially D. Dorsally 5 A. approximation Flexion means : B. straightening C. Circumduction D. cranial Answer key: 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A  Leaders Nisreen Alotaibi Omar Alattas MEMBERS Shaden Alotaibi Abdulhadi Alqahtani Danah Khallaf Turki Alanzi Elaf Alshamlan Talal Alrobaian Jana Alahaideb Abdulmalik Aldafas Dana Alotaibi Ahmad Addas Noorah Alkhilaiwi Salman AlHakeem Orjwan Alharthi Ziyad Bukhari Lana Alfouzan [email protected]