BMS Anatomy Lecture 1 PDF

BMS Anatomy Lecture 1 Introduction to: Anatomical Terms & Regions Bones, Muscles, and Nerves Dr. Karyn Lumsden BSc., M.Ed., DC. Date Clinically Oriented Anatomy Introduction Chapter Pages 2 – 12 Topics of Focus: •Introduction to Anatomy •Anatomy & Anatomical position •Major regions of the human...

BMS Anatomy Lecture 1 Introduction to: Anatomical Terms & Regions Bones, Muscles, and Nerves Dr. Karyn Lumsden BSc., M.Ed., DC. Date Clinically Oriented Anatomy Introduction Chapter Pages 2 – 12 Topics of Focus: •Introduction to Anatomy •Anatomy & Anatomical position •Major regions of the human body •Anatomical Nomenclature •Terms of Direction •Terms of Movement •Overview of the Skeletal system •Divisions •Functions ANATOMY DEFINED •Anatomy • The study of a structure and the relationships among structures •In human relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) ANATOMY DEFINED •Subdivisions •Surface anatomy •Gross anatomy •Systemic anatomy •Regional anatomy •Radiographic anatomy •Developmental anatomy (Embryology) Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Several major regions identified in the body Most principal regions Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY • Anatomical position ○ Zero point in which all anatomical terms are defined ○ terms only directly implied when the body is in anatomical position • Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms • Regions of the body Anatomical Position • The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. • Body upright • Standing erect facing the observer • Head and eyes facing forward • Feet flat on the floor and forward • Upper limbs to the sides • Palms turned forward Reclining Position • If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. • If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. Side Lying Position - “Recumbant or Decubitus” Planes and Sections • Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts • Sagittal plane • A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides • Midsagittal (Median) plane divides body into equal right and left sides • Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides Planes and Sections • Frontal or coronal plane • Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions • Transverse plane • Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions • Also called cross-sectional or horizontal Planes and Sections • Oblique plane • Passes through the body or an organ at an angle • Between transverse and sagittal plane • Between transverse and frontal plane 14 Directional Terms • Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations • Now that we understand that the body is a 3D structure, we need to understand how to describe the position and movement of the body with respect to the 3D system • Commonly used directional terms: • dorsal, superior, medial, and distal • summarized in Table 1.1 Directional Terms ● ● ● ● ● Superficial/intermediate/deep: describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body. (layers of the body) Medial: describes the structure being closer to midline of the body (i.e. pinky/5th digit). Lateral: describes the structure being further from midline (i.e. thumb or little toe). Anterior or ventral: describes the structure being closer to the front of the body (i.e. the nose, palms). Posterior or dorsal: describes the structure being closer to the back of the body (i.e. heel or spine). ● ● For the hand we say “palmar” for the anterior and “dorsum” for the posterior aspect. For the foot we say “dorsum” for the top of the foot and “plantar” for the sole of the foot Terms of relationship Superior or cephalad: Describes structures being closer to the head Inferior or caudad or caudal: Describes structures further from the head, toward the feet. Proximal: Describes the structure being closer to the origin or trunk. Distal: Describes the structure being further from the origin or trunk. External: closer to the surface (skin) of the body Internal: closer to the bones of the body Terms of laterality ● Ipsilateral: on the same side ● Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body ● ● Bilateral: both sides (i.e. we have 2 kidneys, therefore we have bilateral kidneys) Unilateral: one side only,if used it indicates that we only have one (i.e. we only have 1 spleen) Terms of relationship and comparison Terms of Movement ● ● ● ● Flexion: Bending the body part or decreasing the angle between the body parts Extension: Straightening the body part or increasing the angle between body parts Abduction: Moving away from the median plane (in reference to the foot, abduction would be toes 3-5 going away from the 2nd toe and for the hand it would be the 2nd finger going away from the 3rd finger) Adduction: Moving towards the median plane (in reference to the hand, the 2nd finger is approaching the 3rd finger and for the foot, toes 3-5 are approaching the 2nd toe) Terms of Movement ● ● ● ● ● ● Rotation: Movement around the long axis ● medial/ internal or lateral/external Circumduction: Combination of movements which includes: flexion, extension, adduction and abduction Protraction: Moving the structure anteriorly/forward Retraction: Moving the structure posteriorly/backward Elevation: Raising the structure cephalad (superiorly) Depression: Lowering the structure caudally (inferiorly) Terms of Movement ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Supination: The forearm is rotated laterally (palm up) Pronation: The forearm is rotated medially (palm down) Ulnar deviation: Adduction of the wrist Radial deviation: Abduction of the wrist Opposition: Thumb moves medially to meet the other fingers Reposition: Put the thumb back to a neutral position Eversion: Plantar surface of the foot moves laterally (away from the midline) Inversion: Plantar surface of the foot moves medially (towards the midline) Dorsiflexion: Bending the ankle towards the shin Plantar flexion: Bending the ankle towards the posterior/back of the body Terms of Movements Terms of Movements INTRODUCTION TO SKELETAL SYSTEM Includes both bone and cartilage Made up of 2 basic divisions: • Axial = Central core of the skeletal system • Appendicular = Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton • The bones, muscles, and joints together form the musculoskeletal system. The Skeletal System • Axial Skeleton • 80 bones • lie along longitudinal axis • Appendicular Skeleton • 126 bones • upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdles System Overview: Functions of the skeletal system: Protection for vital structures Support the body and its vital cavities Movement Mineral deposition (storage for salts) Blood element production Energy storage(yellow marrow has adipose cells (fat)-can be used for energy) Cartilage and its role (costal and articular): The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bones Cartilage is semi rigid and is found where flexibility is required (i.e. costal cartilage and ribs) Types of Cartilage: Hyaline (joints) Elastic (ear) Fibrocartilage (discs of spinal column) Bones: Bone ● ● Bone is living tissue that is hard and makes up most of the skeleton Bone is subject to constant rebuilding, the same as any other living tissue 2 Types of Bone ● ● Compact bone: Superficial thin layer provides the strength to bones for weight bearing; larger proportion of compact bone is found at the ends of the bones Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone: Found deep to compact bone and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces Types of Bones • 5 basic types of bones: • long = greater length than width • short = almost cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width, e.g. some of the carpal bones • flat = thin bones • irregular = variable shape • sesamoid = develop in tendons (patella) • Sutural bones = in joint between skull bones LONG BONES Parts of a Typical Long Bone: ● ● ● ● Epiphysis: The end of a long bone Metaphysis: The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis Diaphysis: The shaft of the long bone Epiphyseal plate: In adults this is a remnant line where the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) was in the child or developing bone BONE ARTICULATIONS • The end of a typical long bone will typically form an “articulation” with another bone. These surfaces will be covered with articular cartilage to offer smooth movement at the joint surface Head – rounded projection at end of bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone Neck – supports head in articulation Condyle – large rounded protuberance at end of bone Trochlea – groove at the end of bone – houses moveable tendon Facet – smooth flat articular surface BONE SURFACE MARKINGS • There are two major types of surface markings • Depressions and openings participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissue. • Fossa, Sulcus, Foramen, Fissure, Canal • Processes are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue. • Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity, Spinous, Crest • Table 7.2 describe the various surface markings along with examples of each.