Anatomy & Embryology Lecture Notes PDF

Dr. Eman El Sawaf Anatomy & Embryology Department Faculty Of Medicine, Helwan University -Introduction to general anatomy -Skeletal system  Objectives By the end of this lecture student should be able to: -Explain the definition of anatomy & the anatomical terms. -Describe...

Dr. Eman El Sawaf Anatomy & Embryology Department Faculty Of Medicine, Helwan University -Introduction to general anatomy -Skeletal system  Objectives By the end of this lecture student should be able to: -Explain the definition of anatomy & the anatomical terms. -Describe the anatomy of the skeletal system.  Contents - Definition of Anatomy - Anatomical Terms. - Definition of osteology. - Functions of bones. - Classification of bones. Definition Of Anatomy Definition of Anatomy - It is the science which studies the gross structure of the human body. Anatomical Terms Anatomical Terms - Terms of positions - Terms of planes - Terms of relations Terms of positions 1. Anatomical position 2. Supine position 3. Prone position  Anatomical position The body is standing upright. The upper limbs The eyes are looking are stretched. forward. The palms are The thumb is facing anteriorly. directed laterally. The lower limbs are straight The feet are close together.  The body lies on the back. The body lies on the abdomen.  Terms of planes 1. Sagittal plane Median plane – Para median 2. Coronal (frontal) plane 3. Horizontal (transverse) plane  Terms of planes Plane Definition Sagittal plane -Median plane: Vertical plane divides the body into symmetrical right & left halves. -Paramedian plane: Any plane parallel to the median. Coronal (frontal) Vertical plane divides the body into anterior plane and posterior parts. Horizontal Transverse plane divides the body into upper (transverse) plane and lower parts.  Terms of Relations - Anterior - Posterior - Superior - Inferior - Medial – Lateral - Intermediate - Proximal - Distal - Superficial - Deep - External - Internal  Term Definition Anterior Near to the (Ventral) front of the body. Posterior Near to the (Dorsal) back of the body.  Term Definition Superior Superior Near to the head (Upper) or the upper end. Inferior Near to the feet (Lower) or the lower end. Inferior  Term Definition Medial Near to the median plane. Lateral Away from the median plane. Intermediate Between the medial and lateral.  Term Definition Proximal Near to the trunk. Distal Away from the trunk. Proximal Distal  Term Definition Superficial Near to the surface of the body. Deep Away from the surface of the body.  Term Definition External Away from the (outer) cavity. Internal Near to the (inner) cavity. Skeletal System Definition Of Osteology  Osteology Study of bones Functions Of Bones Functions Of Bones Give shape and support for the body. Functions Of Bones Protection for the vital organs.  Functions Of Bones Muscle attachment and movements.  Functions Of Bones Calcium & Phosphorus storage.  Functions Of Bones Formation of blood cells by the bone marrow. Classification Of Bones  Classification Of Bones - Regional. - Developmental. - Structural. - Morphological.  Classification Of Bones Regional: (According to the site) - Axial: Skull, Sternum, Ribs &Vertebrae. - Appendicular: Bones of the upper & lower Limbs.  Classification Of Bones Developmental: (According to the bone development). - Membranous. - Cartilaginous. - Membrano-cartilaginous (Mixed type).  Classification Of Bones Developmental: - Membranous: Example: - Skull (bones forming the vault of the skull). - Scapula.  Classification Of Bones Developmental: - Cartilaginous: Example: - Bones forming the limbs.  Classification Of Bones Developmental: - Membrano-cartilaginous (Mixed type): Example: - Mandible. - Clavicle.  Classification Of Bones Structural: (According to the structure) - Hard (Compact). - Spongy (Cancellous). Structural: -Hard (Compact): Classification Of Bones -Spongy (Cancellous): The hard bone forms the The cancellous bone forms the interior of the ends of the long cortical covering bone (1) and the interior of all of all bones. other types of bones (2). 1 2  Classification Of Bones Morphological: (According to the shape). Long (eg. Clavicle, humerus, femur ….) Short(eg. Carpals & Tarsals) Flat(eg. Scapula , Sternum, Ribs...) Irregular(eg. Vertebrae, hip…) Sessamoid(eg. Patella) Classification Of Bones Morphological: Sesamoid bone - It is bony nodules which embedded in the tendons of some muscles & ligaments. - It protects the tendons and ligaments from compression and friction. e.g patella. Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Upper End The long bone has a shaft & two ends. Shaft Lower End  Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Upper End Epiphyses (Epiphysis) - The 2 expanded articular ends of the long bone. Lower End (Epiphysis) Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Diaphysis -It forms the shaft. Shaft (central region of (Diaphysis) the long bone). Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Metaphysis - It is a part of the Metaphysis diaphysis adjacent to the epiphysis. Metaphysis Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Diaphysis -It is composed of a thick cortex compact bone. (1) - The outer surface is covered by a membrane (the periosteum). (2) 3 - Inside the shaft is the marrow (medullary) cavity filled with 21 bone marrow. (3) -The shaft has nutrient canal (foramen) for nutrient artery. (Arrow). Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Epiphysis Epiphysis &Metaphysis Epiphyseal plate - The metaphysis is separated from the epiphysis Metaphysis by the epiphyseal plate of cartilage which is responsible for growth in length of long bone. Morphological: Classification Of Bones Long bone Plate Line Epiphysis & Metaphysis - The epiphyseal plate of cartilage disappears after complete growth in length and it is replaced by the epiphyseal line.  Reference BRS Gross Anatomy 6th Edition, Kyung Won Chung & Harold M.Chung. Images -Atlas of Human Anatomy -Netter – 2006 -TeachMe Anatomy -https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-hip- adductors -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scapula_- _anterior_view.png Thank You