KIN 476 Exam 2 Notes PDF

**Neuromuscular Physiology** **Section 1**: Skeletal Muscle Structure **Muscle Characteristics**: - - - - **Muscle Functions**: - - - - **Epimysium**: dense fibrous irregular (I.R.) connective tissue - surrounds **muscle belly** **Perimysium**: dense fibrous I.R. connective...

**Neuromuscular Physiology** **Section 1**: Skeletal Muscle Structure **Muscle Characteristics**: - - - - **Muscle Functions**: - - - - **Epimysium**: dense fibrous irregular (I.R.) connective tissue - surrounds **muscle belly** **Perimysium**: dense fibrous I.R. connective tissue - surrounds fascicle **Fascicle**: bundle of muscle fibers **Endomysium**: innermost connective tissue layer - surrounds muscle fibers **Muscle Fibers**: striated muscle fiber (or cell) **Myofibril**: a bunch of sarcomeres stacked together - smallest structural unit **Sacromere**: **[smallest contractile unit of muscle]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Somatic motor neurons of PNS**: carry neural messages from the spinal cord to muscles **Motor unit**: motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates - - **[Motor Unit and Fiber Types ]** **Type I** or Slow Oxidative (SO) - - - **Type IIa** or Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) - - **Type IIx** or Fast Glycolytic (FG) - - - **Properties** **I (SO)** **IIa (FOG)** **IIx (FG)** -------------------------- ------------ --------------- -------------- **Contraction Velocity** Slow Fast Fastest **Relaxation Time** Slow Fast Fast **Force Production** Low High High **Fatigability** Resistant Fatigable Most **Properties** **I (SO)** **IIa (FOG)** **IIx (FG)** ------------------------ ------------ --------------- -------------- **PCR Stores** Low High High **Glycogen Stores** Low High High **Lipid Stores** High Medium Low **Glycolytic Enzymes** Low Medium High **Oxidative Enzymes** High Medium Low Properties I (SO) IIa (FOG) IIx (FG) ------------------------ -------- ----------- ---------- Fiber Diameter Small Medium Large Hypertrophic Potential Small Medium Large Mitochondrial Density High Medium Low Capillary Density High Medium Low **Fiber-to-motor unit ratio** - - - - - - **Section 2: What defines a fiber type?** **How to determine muscle fiber types?** - - - - - **Wingate and fiber types** - - **Size Principle** - - - - - **Section 3: Sex Differences** - - - - - - **Parts of a Neuron**: **Axon Hillock**: the start of action potential (AP) - - - **Action Potential: All or None Principle** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10/15/24 - - - - - **Section 3: Excitation Contraction Coupling** - - - - - - - 10/17/24 **Types of Contractions** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Module 2: Adaptations to Resistance Training** **Section 1** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10/22/24 **Detect Muscle Gain: How Long Does it Take?** - - - - - **Detect Fat Loss: How Long Does it Take?** - - **Hyperplasia**: the **[splitting]** of muscle fibers to create additional fibers - **Net Protein Balance (NPB)**: determines whether you build or lose muscle - - - - - **Synthesis** - - - - - - - - - - **Breakdown** - - - - - - 10/24/24 Leucine (amino acid) - - Neutral protein balance: MPS = MPB - Positive protein balance: MPS \> MPB Negative Balance *Aging* or *Calorie Restriction* increases MPB **Anabolic Resistance**: decreased response to anabolic stimuli as we age or diet - - **Calorie Restriction and Protein Synthesis** - - - - - **Concurrent Training**: combining resistance training and cardiovascular training in the same program **Interference Effect**: decreases in strength and hypertrophy adaptations due to **[high amounts]** of cardiovascular training - - **Why does only doing cardio diminish gains?** - - - - -