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it un 7 Scan this code to consult the THE UNIVERSE glossary for this unit. Empty space which are grouped into Galaxy clusters The universe is made up of Galaxies ours is The Milky Way which are made up of Gases Cosmic dust Stars Planets which form planetary systems The Solar System ours is called which is made up of The Sun Planets Satellites Dwarf planets Asteroids Comets our star ours is ours is Earth The Moon it has Four phases which moves in two ways which causes Rotation Orbit Tides Eclipses unit 71 THE UNIVERSE The Solar System What is the universe? The Solar System is formed by eight planets and other celestial bodies that orbit the Sun. The universe is made up of enormous areas of empty space containing very little matter. Dwarf planets Most of the matter we can see is grouped together in groups of galaxies or clusters. Smaller spheres that orbit the Sun. They are Eris, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Ceres. Satellites They orbit planets, like the Moon. The first galaxies formed The Solar System formed around Approximately 13 700 million around 13 000 million 4 500 million years ago. years ago. years ago. Comets Small celestial bodies made up of Celestial bodies in rock and ice, dust and gases that the Solar System orbit the Sun. BIG BANG Asteroids Small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun. They are found in the asteroid belt. Planets The Big Bang Spherical bodies that orbit the Sun. There are 4 inner theory: the planets and 4 outer planets. universe formed from a tiny, infinitely dense, Galaxies hot point. Galaxies are enormous groups of The Milky Way stars and other celestial bodies, Titan Eris Vesta Asteroid belt gases and dust that revolve in space. Kuiper belt Orion Oberon Makemake Deimos Io Arm Our galaxy is the Milky Way. It is The Moon Phobos Juno Triton a spiral shape and has 5 arms. The Solar System is located in one arm. The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Uranus Stars Sun Ceres Neptune Pluto Nuclear reactions Pallas Jupiter Saturn take place inside a sta r. Stars are spheric Core Haumea celestial bodies made al of incandescent gas, wh up shines with its own light. ich Our star is the Sun: It Outer planets: Ju is a Inner planets: Mercury, pit small star. Saturn, Uranus er, Venus, Earth and Mars. Neptune. They ar d an It makes two movemen ts: They are small, rocky and e large, made of gas and rotation and orbit. don’t have rings. They ha rings. They rotate ve These nuclear reactions rotate slowly. quickly. send heat, light and particles out into sp ace.  t 7 uni The Earth The Moon First quarter Earth is the third inner planet, located 150 million kilometres The Moon is the Earth’s satellite and is around 384 000 km away. from the Sun. It does not emit its own light, but it reflects the light from the Sun. It is a sphere that is a little squashed at the poles. Its surface is covered in many craters that are visible because It is a solid planet with an atmosphere and water in a liquid the Moon has no atmosphere or water to erode them. New moon Full moon state. Its rotation and orbit both last 27.3 days. As a result, the It has a natural satellite, the Moon. same side of the Moon is always facing the Earth. The Moon changes its position in relation The Earth’s rotation to the Sun and the part of its surface 23° 27' illuminated by the star changes. This results Last quarter This is the movement of the Earth spinning on its axis. in the phases of the Moon. It rotates in an anti-clockwise direction, from west to east, and each rotation takes 24 hours (one day). The consequences of rotation are: Eclipses and Tides Eclipses Days and nights An eclipse is when one celestial body is hidden by another celestial body moving in front of it The apparent movement of the Sun and other celestial bodies which and preventing us from seeing it. seem to move from east to west. Umbra Umbra Equator Orbital plane Moon The Earth’s orbit This is the movement of the Earth around the Sun which lasts around 365 days. The consequences of orbit are: Penumbra Penumbra Seasons: these depend on the amount of solar radiation that reaches each part of the planet. Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse Day length. The Moon moves between the Earth and the Sun. The Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon. Spring Tides Tides are the rise and fall of the sea level due to the gravitational action of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun on the Earth’s water. Autumn Summer Winter The Moon The Earth 152 million km Summer Winter The Moon Autumn The Earth Spring tides occur when the Sun, the Moon and the Neap tides occur when the positions of the Earth, the Spring Earth are aligned and the pull of the Sun is added to Sun and the Moon form an angle of 90°. The Sun’s the pull of the Moon. gravity weakens the effect of the Moon’s gravity.