Chapter 1: The Formation of the Universe and the Solar System PDF

Chapter 1: The Formation of The Universe and The Solar System Lesson 1: The Origin and Lesson 2: The Formation Evolution of Our Universe of the Milky Way and Our Solar System  Lesson 1: The Origin and Evolution of Our Universe  Our knowledge of the uni...

Chapter 1: The Formation of The Universe and The Solar System Lesson 1: The Origin and Lesson 2: The Formation Evolution of Our Universe of the Milky Way and Our Solar System  Lesson 1: The Origin and Evolution of Our Universe  Our knowledge of the universe comes from remotely sensed data using powerful telescopes, like the Hubble Space Telescope, and actual space explorations within our solar system and beyond undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) of the USA and the European Space Agency (ESA) of the European Union. What is Voyager 1? No spacecraft has gone farther than NASA's Voyager 1. Launched in 1977 to fly by Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 crossed into interstellar space in August 2012 and continues to collect data. Voyager 1 and its sister ship Voyager 2 have been flying longer than any other spacecraft in history. What is Voyager 1? Not only are the Voyager missions providing humanity with observations of truly uncharted territory, but they are also helping scientists understand the very nature of energy and radiation in space—key information for protecting future missions and astronauts. Voyager 1 carries a copy of the Golden Record—a message from humanity to the cosmos that includes greetings in 55 languages, pictures of people and places on Earth and music ranging from Beethoven to Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode." The Scientific Theories on the Origin of the Universe 13.8 billion years ago, something exploded, until now we do not know exactly what it was aside from the fact that it was an extremely hot and dense body of energy. From the explosion, energy and subatomic particles - protons, electrons, neutrons, quarks, neutrinos, and antineutrinos - were created.  After the explosion the mass of particles inflated and expanded in all directions. The dense mass then began to cool down and led to the combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons which became the elements, Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He).  Aside from the first two elements in the periodic table, which are also the lightest, an afterglow such as radio waves, visible light, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiations were produced. This afterglow is detected as the cosmic microwave background, which was discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1965.  The mass of particles from the initial expansion eventually merged to form groups of gases known as dusts which then became megaclouds. These megaclouds would eventually collapse into smaller groups that move close together with the help of their gravitational fields. Once these clouds become denser they rotate and form the billions of galaxies in our universe.  In these galaxies, nebulae are formed which gives birth to billions of stars and are associated to planetary bodies. Once stars die, they collapse and produce high heat which then urges the formation of heavier elements through nuclear fusion. The Scientific Theories about the Origin of the Universe Big Steady Cyclic Inflation Multiverse Bang State Model Model Model Theory Theory  The big bang theory is the leading explanation about how the universe BIG BANG began. At its simplest, it says the universe as we know it started with a small THEORY singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today. BIG BANG THEORY Georges Edward Lemaitre (July 17, 1894 - June 20, 1966) was a Belgian astronomer and cosmologist. He was the first to propose the modern Big Bang Theory, the theory that the universe began from the explosion of a small original 'super atom. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC BIG BANG THEORY Evidences for the Big Bang Theory CMB Spectral shifts Higgs boson CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC Cosmic Microwave Background The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is thought to be leftover radiation from the Big Bang, or the time when the universe began. As the theory goes, when the universe was born it underwent a rapid inflation and expansion. (The universe is still expanding today, and the expansion rate appears different depending on where you look). The CMB represents the heat left over from the Big Bang. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC  You can't see the CMB with your naked eye, but it is everywhere in the universe. It is invisible to humans because it is so Cosmic cold, just 2.725 degrees above absolute Microwave zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius.) This Background means its radiation is most visible in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC  BIG BANG THEORY Spectral Shifts Redshift and blueshift describe how light shifts toward shorter or longer wavelengths as objects in space (such as stars or galaxies) move closer or farther away from us. The concept is key to charting the universe's expansion. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC BIG BANG THEORY Higgs boson Higgs boson, also called the Higgs particle, particle that is the carrier particle, or boson, of the Higgs field, a field that permeates space and endows all elementary subatomic particles with mass through its interactions with them. The field and the particle—named after Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, one of the physicists who in 1964 first proposed the mechanism—provided a testable hypothesis for the origin of mass in elementary particles. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC STEADY STATE THEORY A cosmological model of a universe which is expanding but has the same density at all times due to the continuous creation of matter. The steady-state theory is based on the perfect cosmological principle, which requires the universe to be the same at all times, as well as in all places.  STEADY STATE THEORY For many years the steady-state theory was a rival to the big bang theory, but it has fallen out of favour because it is inconsistent with the observed properties of the cosmic microwave background and cannot explain the evolution in the appearance of our universe with time. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC STEADY STATE THEORY Unlike the big bang theory, the steady-state theory has no initial singularity and does not require the existence of a primordial fireball phase. It was formulated by James Jeans but was put forward in 1948 by H. Bondi, T. Gold, and F. Hoyle (oxford reference).  CYCLIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE The Cyclic Model was introduced as a radical alternative to the standard big bang/inflationary picture. Its purpose is to offer a new solution to the homogeneity, isotropy, flatness problems and a new mechanism for generating a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of fluctuations (Steinhardt &Turok, 2004). CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC CYCLIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE The Cyclic Model was developed based on the three intuitive notions: the big bang is not a beginning of time, but rather a transition to an earlier phase of evolution; the evolution of the universe is cyclic; the key events that shaped the large scale structure of the universe occurred during a phase of slow contraction before the bang, rather than a period of rapid expansion (inflation) after the bang. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC Inflation Model of the Universe Some physicists suggested that these fundamental characteristics of the cosmos—its flatness and uniformity—can be explained if shortly after the Big Bang (and before the emission of the CMB), the universe experienced a sudden increase in size. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC  A model universe in which this rapid, early expansion occurs is called an inflationary universe. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC Inflation Model of the Universe Prior to (and during) inflation, all the parts of the universe that we can now see were so small and close to each other that they could exchange information, that is, the horizon distance included all of the universe that we can now observe. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC Inflation Model of the Universe Before (and during) inflation, there was adequate time for the observable universe to homogenize itself and come to the same temperature. Then, inflation expanded those regions tremendously, so that many parts of the universe are now beyond each other’s horizon. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC MULTIVERSE MODEL The term multiverse was coined by American philosopher William James in 1895 to refer to the confusing moral meaning of natural phenomena and not to other possible universes. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC MULTIVERSE MODEL Multiverse, a hypothetical collection of potentially diverse observable universes, each of which would comprise everything that is experimentally accessible by a connected community of observers. The observable known universe, which is accessible to telescopes, is about 90 billion light-years across. CPU-SHS: Tamonan, IC  MULTIVERSE MODEL However, this universe would constitute just a small or even infinitesimal subset of the multiverse. The multiverse idea has arisen in many versions, primarily in cosmology, quantum mechanics, and philosophy, and often asserts the actual physical existence of different potential configurations or histories of the known observable universe.