Jewish History Test 1 Outline PDF
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Louis Dale
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Summary
This outline details the lead-up to and outcomes of the French Revolution, with a specific focus on the experiences of Jewish citizens during this period. It covers key events such as the storming of the Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and the different arguments related to their citizenship rights.
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J ewish History Test #1 Outline Test Date: Wednesday, November 13 French Revolution → Lead Up and Outcomes Until Napoleon Bonaparte Louis XVI (16th) was the King of France in1789 He became King very young (less than 20) and was very unpr...
J ewish History Test #1 Outline Test Date: Wednesday, November 13 French Revolution → Lead Up and Outcomes Until Napoleon Bonaparte Louis XVI (16th) was the King of France in1789 He became King very young (less than 20) and was very unprepared to be King His wife was Marie Antoinette Before the revolutionary monarchy, the representative assembly were: ○ The clergy (1st estate) → 300 delegates ○ The nobility (2nd estate) → 300 delegates They were privileged minorities ○ The majority of the people (3rd estate) → 600 delegates You were born into your class and could not go up the ranks ○ 97% of people were in the 3rd estate and 3% were in the 2nd estate ○ A new intellectual class apart of the 3rd estate were called thebourgeoisie In early July, Louis prepares 30,000 troops in Paris to attack the National Assembly The people storm the Bastille to get gunpowder in preparation to fight the King The guard of Bastille tries to stop the people from entering but instead he is killed and his head was put on a stick The people also tore down the Bastille, and the bricks were sold as a sign of Revolution After the victory of the Bastille, the National Assembly creates a charter called the Declaration of Rights of Man → All men would be considered equal The charter demandedrights, justice, and a constitutionalmonarchy John Paul Mara created a newspaper that speaks of paranoia and anger over the monarchy stepping on the flag of France Thousands of poor women marched to the Palace of Versailles because there was no food left Louis agrees to sign the declaration of the rights of man The women break into the palace, attempt to kill Marie and leave with flour from the King After the storming of Versailles, King Louis tries to escape the situation King and Queen have to move to Paris and leave their castle in Versailles Causes of The Revolution: Inequalities of social systems during the ancient regime Number of Jews in France in The 18th Century: 26 million people in France in 1789 and 40,000 were Jews 0.001% of the population 500 Jews in Paris Two Phases of the Revolution: 1. Non-Violent Phase J une 20, 1789→Tennis Court Oath There was a vote on taxes (1st and 2nd estate wouldn't have taxes, but 3rd estate would) The delegates tied and the King was the tie breaker ○ Some of the delegates from the 1st and 2nd estate voted to help the 3rd estate The King was angry and nervous that the classes were mixing so he locked the assembly hall to stop the voters The people decided to vote at atennis courtand decidedthat whichever won would be the one they follow even if the King did not recognize it ○ This formed thenational assembly:of France ○ Social distinctions do not matter anymore ○ Everyone is born equal ○ No person should be mistreated for their opinion including religion, unless the opinions disturb public order ○ Monsieur De La Fare (1st estate) → Against Jews ○ Count Clermont Tonnerre (2nd estate) → Pro Jews The national assembly vowed to create a constitution for France based on the slogan: ○ Liberate → Freedom ○ Egalite → Equality ○ Fraternite → Brotherhood The Parish Priests (members of the 1st estate) were able to up their ranks from the 3rd estate because they worked for the Church 2. Violent Phase July 14, 1789→Storming of the Bastille There were rumors that the King was gathering an army in Paris as revenge for the vote The King tries to escape The lower class of Paris stormed Bastille, a royal prison ○ It was a sign of oppression so they chose it to show power The mob beheaded the prison warden and ripped down the prison building Thousands of woman storm in the Palace of Versailles and attempt to kill the Queen, Marie ○ They return with flour from the King J ews in France in The 18th Century: Alsace-Lorraine Majority of Jews are Ashkenazi They spoke Yiddish They were self ghettoized and not acculturated They were poor Bordered Germany Bordeaux Minority of Jews Sephardi Spoke Ladino and French Acculturated and lived with non-Jews Wealthy Bordered Spain Why Jews Should Not Be Citizens: Bordeaux believed that Jews were religiously not allowed to work in liberal arts He said that Jews practice their religion/holidays 108 days a year meaning they are lazy and do nothing He says he would be protecting the Jews by not giving them citizenship because everyone hates them and would pillage their homes if they became citizens He heard that Jews planned to take over the whole wheat market He also believed that Jews work together to own the best properties and soon they will own the whole city He thought that the Jews were so clever at taking possession of everything that they could take over all of France and even become the Bishop What M. De La Fare Recommends for Jews in France Instead of Citizenship: Monsieur De La Fare believes that Jews deserve protection, security, and liberty He saw them as people who contributed to society, especially in the city of Nancy However, instead of offering Jews citizenship he proposed to establish a committee who would be incharge of revising laws that involved the Jews Important Dates: 1790 →Spehardi Jews received citizenship in France 1791 →Ashkenazi Jews received citizenship in France Napoleon Bonaparte: Born on a small island called Corsica → colonized by Italy and then by France Napoleon's Father was in the 2nd estate and had a bit of nobility during the time of the Italian rule Napoleon spoke French with an Italian accent His father sent him to a military academy in France In1799, Napoleon offered stability to France as ageneral during the coup of 18 Brumaire Napoleon creates a new constitution and announces the end to the Revolution He legitimized his new regime by beating the Austrians in the battle of Marengo He brought back nobility and the church even though he agreed with the ideas of the Revolution In1804he proclaimed himself Emperor, and made hiswife, Josephine, Empress Jews and Napoleon: Once Jews became citizens, Jews were buying property and owning business In1806, the non-Jews in Alsace-Lorraine complainedto Napoleon (Emperor of France) that the Jews were monopolizing the real estate, taking advantage of the non-Jews in real estate and business, and are putting the non-Jews at a hardship An investigation started → while there was the investigation there was a Moratorium (temporary prohibition) of real estate purchases by Jews in Alsace-Lorraine This lead to the creation of the French Sanhedrin in 1806 (there was no other Sanhedrin at the time) The Jews were given a test to see how loyal and patriotic they were to France There were 12 Jewish men picked by the government to prove the Jews’ overall loyalty to France Sanhedrin Questions: 1. Is it lawful to have more than one wife? Europeans say no, so they said no because they wanted to follow the Europeans 2. Does Jewish religion accept divorce (even though Catholics are against it)? The Jews do allow it because the beliefs of the Jews allow it Even though they have their own beliefs, this is their test to see if they'd be good citizens 3. Can a Jewess (female Jew) marry a Christian? And can a male Jew marry a Christian woman? Or does the law only allow Jews to marry among themselves (other Jews)? The law doesn’t say that a Jews can’t marry Christians It also does not specify that a Jew must marry another Jew The only marriages that are forbidden in Jewish law are marriages with those of the 7 Canaanite nations, with Amon, Moab, or the Egyptians (Prohibition with Egyptians is limited to the third generation) The main concern was about marrying people from nations that practiced idolatry (worshipping idols instead of God) In certain times and places, like France, Spain, and Germany, marriages between Jews and Christians happened Sometimes they were allowed, and sometimes they were forbidden by local rulers Most Jewish religious leaders are against interfaith marriages, but according to Jewish law, marriage with non-Jews isn’t forbidden as long as it includes proper religious ceremonies (including Kiddushin) In general they are more supportive of intermarriages than priests would be, but they do acknowledge that if a Jew does intermarry they may not be referred to as a non-Jew by fellow Jews 4. In the eyes of Jews are Frenchman considered their brethren or strangers? Frenchmen are their brothers: 1. Strangers are their brother → “love ye brothers” 2. J ews must love their brothers like how we were slaves in the land of Egypt: don't treat people the way we were treated They said that they were Government by the same people, they live on the same land, and have the same laws 5. What line of conduct does their law prescribe towards Frenchmen not of their religion? Jews would not treat a Frenchman not of their religion any different than they would treat a Jew At the time the Jews had the advantage of being apart of France and were not separate (equal, privilege, identity) 6. Do Jews consider France their country and do they obey government laws? They see France as their homeland and feel a duty to defend it and follow its laws just like any other citizen ○ Being tested on their loyalty and if they are fit to be citizens 7. Who names the Rabbis? Chiefs of the Jewish community (wealthy Jewish families) appoint Rabbis when there are lots of Jews that need a Rabbi 8. Do the Rabbis have official power? They have no actual power especially over French people, they only have power in the Sanhedrin Thelawofthelandisthelaw→דינהדמלכותאדינה 9. When Jews elect Rabbis, is it on customs and traditions or law? They said that they elected them based on customs even though it's actually based on customs and laws, however they said this so it doesn't raise suspicion towards the frenchman and that they don't seem like they are not acculturated to society 10. Are there any professions that Jews are restricted from doing because of the Torah? No Jewish parents are instructed to teach their children different professions or else they have failed as parents If Jews jobs were restricted from the Torah then they wouldn't be acculturated and wouldn't be able to contribute to society 11. How do the Jews justify usury (lending non-Jews loans at a high interest/money laundering)? 2 scenarios for lending money: 1. No interest charged if the money borrowed from a Jew was to help with quality of life, food, housing 2. Loophole → If you come for business or commercial venture Jews can charge interest to both Jews and no Jews without going against the Torah he National Assembly Debate on The Eligibility of Jews for Citizenship: T “The Jews should be denied everything as a nation, but granted everything as individuals.” ntisemitism in The Modern World and The Impact of WWI: A Classical Anti-Semitsim (Religion) If the Jews agreed to convert, the stain of their Jewishness would be removed and they would be able to gain more access into Christian society Modern Anti-Seminstim Following the emancipation of the Jews in Central Europe, the granting of citizenship in countries like France and Germany, expectations were high that Anti-Semitism would disappear Incidents like the Dreyfus Affair, Mortara Kidnapping and the Damascus Affair reaffirmed classical Christian anti-semintism even in the modern world ○ Old prejudices were once again called upon to suggest Jewish inferiority and guilt Karl Eugen Duhring (Racial Anti-Semitism): German economist and philosopher Created racial anti-semitsim ○ He justified this through the race theory Race Theory: Created by Charles Darwin He was the founder of ‘natural selection’ Darwin's theories were used in variety of contexts outside of the original intent of the author → Pseudoscience In the 1800s, Germans were increasing interested in understandingracial dynamics Some basic assumptions: 1. Blood passes traits (genes didn't exist yet) 2. Some races are inferior than others 3. Inferior traits cannot be ever removed 4. Equality should not exist Usury: Lending money with an interest Since Christians were not allowed to borrow money from fellow Christians with interest, they could only get money from the Jews → In the end Jews were allowed to keep their citizenship
