Modern Jewish History Fall 2024/5785 Test 2 Review Sheet PDF

**Modern Jewish History Fall 2024/5785** **Test 2 Review Sheet** **Test Format: 30 multiple Choice** **Chassidus** - **What were the causes that influenced the birth of Chassidus?\ **The Jews had the Khmelnitsky massacre and the false messiah shabbetai tzvi, The jewish people were very...

**Modern Jewish History Fall 2024/5785** **Test 2 Review Sheet** **Test Format: 30 multiple Choice** **Chassidus** - **What were the causes that influenced the birth of Chassidus?\ **The Jews had the Khmelnitsky massacre and the false messiah shabbetai tzvi, The jewish people were very down and the time was right for some inspiration. The traditional orthodox life was pretty dry unless you were an elitess talmud scholar. So this created the perfect storm and a necessity that would reinspire the fire and love of yiddishkeit after the Khmelnitsky massacre and the disappointment of shabbetai tzvi - **What is a Baal Shem?** Folk healer that used kabbalah and traditional remedies - **Who was the Baal Shem Tov?** Rabbi yisroel ben eliezer from ukraine, alive in second half of 1700s - **How was the Baal Shem Tov Influenced by the Kabbalah of the Ari?** Very devoted to sharing the kabilistic zoharic approach of the Arizal and sharing it with more additional people that the amount of people that studied it before, making kabbalah ideas more popular. Printing press made things easier to share with others - **What did the Chassidim emphasize that they felt needed new energy?** Davening, feeling close to hashem, feeling close to each other, feeling close to Judaism - **How is Nusach Sefard different from Nusach Ashkenaz?** Nusach Sfard is Sfaradin Edot Hamizrach and Kavanat Shel Haari combined with ashkenaz to create nusach sfard. - **How did Chassidus Spread? (Click** [***here***](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IWOOD4wmAPyirDzec0IJFeiORCHiDFxB4faMPQmxZB4/edit?tab=t.0) **for a helpful sheet.)** The bal shem had a talmud named rav dove ber from mezrich and he developed talmidim and he sent them to various places throughout eastern europe: lithuania, ukraine and poland. Rav Aron Karlin and Rav Shenir. Know which generation each rabbi is from - (Click [*here*](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IWOOD4wmAPyirDzec0IJFeiORCHiDFxB4faMPQmxZB4/edit?tab=t.0) for a helpful sheet.) **Mitnagdim** - **What does Mitnaged mean?** Opponents of chassidim - (They didn't like challenges of the status quo) - **Who led the Mitnagdim?** The Vilna Gaon - **Why did they object to the new practices of the Chassidim?** Traditionalist Jews who objected to the changes and innovations that the chassidim were bringing to the table - **What effect did their objections have on the Chassidim?** The chassidim became more self aware and readjusted to meet the conventional observance of halacha. Today the influence of chassidim on the misnagdim: there\'s more singing, more tisches, going to roshei yishavos to get brachos, both benefited each other of cultural diffusion, and the chassidim adopted the concept of the yeshiva educational system from the misnagdim **Emancipation & Enlightenment** - **When and why does this begin?** - Enlightenment - 1700s with people like Rousseau and John Locke where they have more scientific understanding of the universe and now people are understanding things more rationally so certain ideas of equality, man, and liberty are starting to bubble up to the surface. Also because of the scientific uptick causes a downtick for religion. This begins the ascent of liberalism, and religion starts to decline - Emancipation - late 1700s and early 1800s - a byproduct of the enlightenment because if we now start viewing all people as equal then we must start to give opportunities to everyone including the Jews. These ideas influenced the American Revolution and French Revolution, and other revolutions. **How are they different?:** - **Why were some Jews optimistic about these developments?** Finally going to have economic opportunity, educational opportunity, and take advantage of what society has to offer - **Why were some Jews pessimistic about these developments?** Because we\'re always against change. Some people were concerned that the enlightenment ideas would take its toll on shmeros mitzvot and lead to assimilation - fully immersed in host culture. - **How did the non-Jewish population respond to these developments?** Some wanted Jews to join their society and some didn\'t because some people like the idea of diversity while other oppose it. Those who were open to new ideas then you agreed but if you were afraid of losing your position of power then you were against it. - **Were they all for them, all against or was there a range of opinions?** Range of opinions. More religious - more conservative. Less religious - more open to new ideas **Moses Mendelsohn** - **Who was he? How did he bring Enlightenment values to the Jews? How were he and his ideas received?** Massive talmud chachum who was alive at the end of 1700s. He was extremely excited that the enlightenment ideas would bring blessings to the jewish people that Jews would be a part of German society - economic, cultural, and social. One of the smartest people in Germany is Barnun. Among his crazy accomplishments he translates chumash to German so Jews can learn german. Philosopher and scientist. Traditional people hated his views. Half of his children baptized and became christians - demonstrates that the fears of emancipation were justified. David Freidlander, student of Moses Mendelson, converted to christianity because he believed Jews need to convert so they can get a place in German society - he proposed the idea of dry baptism. - **Why is he such a good test case that proves the challenges of Enlightenment and Emancipation for the Jews?** Some people look at commentary on his translated chumash which allowed them to come closer to Hashem, or it was a tool that allowed people to learn german and distance themselves from Hashem. **How did Chassidut and the Yeshivot prepare the Jews of Europe for these two new realities?** The chassidus and the yeshivot provided a spiritual and intellectual framework that was able to stand up to the attractiveness of the enlightenment and emancipation. Allows us to stay true to our values when the whole world is walking away from them **Click** [***here for***](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ym4JDwY_GN8) **a helpful video about the Emanicipation** **Antisemitism:** - **What are the causes of Jew Hatred in:** 1\) Greek and Roman Times - Xenophobia - fear of strangers - everywhere we went we were different and people don\'t like people that are different 2\) Christian Times - Because of our religion - that we reject their religion - **In the liberal emancipation times it starts to become scientific reasons to hate us.** **How was Wilhelm Marr's Antisemitisim different from the forms of anti Jewish feelings that came before it?** His hatred was based on scientific beliefs - That Jews had a different biology **Click** [***here***](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAJfddwKraQ&list=PL-DNOnmKkUaZh8yjn7Bhps_aEn_yCd71H) **for a helpful video** **The Dreyfus Affair** - **Who was Alfred Dreyfus? How is a symbol of both Emancipation and Enlightenment Jews in France?** A jewish officer in the french military. While he was serving there, there was a bit of intelligence that was stolen and sold to the Germans - treasons. When they started investigating who did it, Dreyfus was falsely accused because he was the Jew. It became a symbol of the fact that even though the Jews were enlightened and emancipated in France, it shows it didn\'t do much - **How is he a symbol of the acceptance of them by French military, social and cultural elites?** Because he earned his way up the ranks of the military but when they needed someone to blame for the treason, they accused him which shows that Jews were not accepted into society. (Click [*here*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAJfddwKraQ&list=PL-DNOnmKkUaZh8yjn7Bhps_aEn_yCd71H) for helpful video) - **How does Theodore Hertzl's coverage of the affair spur him to for a poliical Zionist Movement? (Click here for a helpful video)** When Theodore Hertzl was covering the case and watching the french people call out death to the Jews, he realized that the only thing that is going to solve the problem of antisemitism is having our own country. This is the start of political zionism that the Jews need israel and then hertzl went all over europe into the ottoman empire to start for the return of the Jews to their homeland