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**What is Psychology**? Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. **Psychology as a Science** Psychologists utilize scientific methodologies to study and draw conclusions about human thought and behavior Physiology also contributed to psychology's emergence as a scientific...

**What is Psychology**? Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. **Psychology as a Science** Psychologists utilize scientific methodologies to study and draw conclusions about human thought and behavior Physiology also contributed to psychology's emergence as a scientific discipline Building Theory -- after conducting several studies, a psychologist builds a comprehensive explanation of a behavior **The Scientific Method** A form of critical thinking based on careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise definition, controlled observation and repeatable results. John Locke's idea that the mind is a blank slate and shape our human behavior throughexperience **6 Elements of the Scientific Method:** 1\. Making observations 2\. Defining a problem 3\. Proposing a hypothesis 4\. Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis 5\. Building a theory 6\. Publishing results **The Scientific Process** The scientific process is now based on the hypothetico-deductive model proposed by Karl Popper. Falsification is the only way to be certain: "No amount of observations of white swans can allow the conclusion that all swans are white, but the observation of a single black swan is sufficient to refute that conclusion" 2 Levels of Scientific Inquiry Theory and foundation of hypothesis Actual empirical methods of inquiryExperiments, observations The prime empirical method of inquiry in science is the experiment. The key features of the experiment are control over variables (IV, DV, EX), careful objective measurement and establishing cause and effect relationships. Empirical evidence does not rely on the argument or belief. Instead, experiments and observations are carried out carefully and reported in detail so that other investigators can repeat and attempt to verify the work. In research on mental health, the Independent Variable (IV) is the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher, while the Dependent Variable (DV) is the outcome or the variable that is measured to see the effect of the IV. Example: Research Question: Does regular exercise improve mental health in adults? **Independent Variable (IV)**: The amount or frequency of exercise (e.g., 30 minutes of exercise, 3 times per week). **Dependent Variable (DV)**: The level of mental health, which could be measured by self-reported questionnaires assessing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or overall well-being. In this example, the researcher might manipulate the amount of exercise (IV) to observe changes in mental health outcomes (DV). **The Beginnings of Psychology: Philosophy & Physiology** While Psychology did not emerge as a separate discipline until the late 1800s, its earliest history can be traced back to the time of the early Greeks During the 17^th^ century, the French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the idea of dualism. Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called introspection to look into one's own objective sensations and subjective feelings. **Psychology Emerges as a Separate Discipline** During the 1800s, a German physiologist named Wilhelm Wundt was using scientific research methods to investigate reaction times. His book published in 1874, Principles of Physiological Psychology, outlined many of the major connections between the science of physiology and the study of human thought and behavior. He later opened the world's first psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. He perceived the subject as the study of human consciousness and sought to apply experimental methods to studying internal mental processes. **Goals of Psychology** Describe Explain Predict Control How Does Psychology Differ from False Explanation of Behavior **Pseudo psychology** is any unfounded system that resembles psychology. Examples of False Psychologies: **Phrenology** -- popularized in the 19^th^ century by Franz Gall, a German anatomy teacher. Phrenology claimed that the **shape of the skull** reveals personality traits. Psychological research has long since shows that bumps on the head have nothing to do with talents or abilities. **Palmistry** - claims that the lines on the hand reveal personality traits and predict the future. **Graphologists** claim that personality traits are revealed by handwriting. Some companies use graphologists to select job candidates. **Astrology** -- the most popular false psychology It holds that the position of the stars and planets at the time of one's birth determine personality traits and affect behavior. How Do They Survive and Why Are They Popular? Uncritical Acceptance Confirmation Bias Barnum Effect -- "Always have a little something for everybody" **Challenges in Predicting Behavior** A major goal of psychology is to predict behaviour by understanding its causes. Making predictions is difficult, in part because people vary and respond differently in different situations **CHALLENGES** 1. Individual differences are the variations among people on physical or psychological dimensions (differences in extraversion, intelligence, self-esteem, anxiety, aggression, and conformity) individual differences include personality traits, values and beliefs, physical abilities, age, gender, ethnicity, learning styles, cognitive abilities, attitudes and emotions, and levels of motivation and resilience. **PREDICTIONS** are only **PROBABILITY**... why? Because of Individual differences. 2\. Multiply determined, or produced by "many factors" -- Example: VIOLENT BEHAVIOR, CHILD ABUSE, POVERTY -- what is the cause of that? We cannot say that it is because of a SINGLE TERM only but in "many factors" 3\. Human behaviour is caused by factors that are outside our conscious awareness, EXAMPLE: many psychological disorders were caused by memories that we have repressed and thus remain outside our consciousness **Schools of Thought in Psychology** 1\. Structuralism 2\. Functionalism 3\. Behaviorism 4\. Cognitism 5\. Gestalt 6\. Humanism 7\. Psychoanalytic **Structuralism** Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of Structuralism Edward Titchener brought Wundt's ideas to the United States. **STRUCTURALISM**: the school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements. **Structuralists** believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience analyze thoughts, feelings, and sensations to understand consciousness **Functionalism** William James's brilliant book, Principles of Psychology, helped establish the field as a separate discipline. He focused between conscious experience and behavior **FUNCTIONALISM**: the school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment The functionalist admired Charles Darwin, who deduced that creatures evolve in ways that favor survival. What effect did functionalism have on modern psychology? **Behaviorism** **BEHAVIORISM**: the study of observable behavior **Proponents**: John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner The early behaviorists believed that all responses are determined by stimuli. **Cognitive Behaviorism**: a view that combines conditioning and cognition A therapist focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences to understand a patient's behavior. **Gestalt Psychology** 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' **Gestalt Psychology**: a school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts. **Proponents**: Max Wertheimer; Kurt Koffka; Wolfgang Kohler It advocates for understanding human behavior by studying the mind as a whole, not by analyzing its parts. Psychoanalytic Psychology **Proponent**: Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis proposes that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. Freud believed that mental life is like an iceberg: only a small part is exposed to view. Freud believed that all thoughts, emotions, and actions are determined. Most of all perhaps, Freud is known for creating psychoanalysis A therapist focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences to understand a patient's behavior. A psychologist believes that human beings are inherently good and have the potential for personal growth. **Humanistic Psychology** **HUMANISM**: A view that focuses on subjective human experience and interested in human potential, ideals, and problems **Proponents**: Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow Humanists are interested in psychological needs for love, self-esteem, belonging, self-expression, creativity, and spirituality. How scientific is the humanistic approach? Maslow's Self-actualization is a key feature of humanism. A therapist encourages clients to explore their potential and strive for personal growth while acknowledging their current limitations **Cognitive Psychology** the focus is on how distorted thinking patterns influence emotional responses and behaviors. Contemporary Perspectives on Behavior Biological Perspective \- Biopscyhological View **- Evolutionary View** Psychological Perspective \- Behaviorist View \- Cognitive View \- Psychodynamic View \- Humanistic View Sociocultural Perspective **Biological Perspective** **Biopsychological View**: Human and animal behavior is the result of internal physical, chemical, and biological processes neutral, reductionist, mechanistic view of human nature Evolutionary View: Human and animal behavior is the result of process of evolution neutral, reductionist, mechanistic view of human nature Explains the connects physical organs with emotional states. Psychological Perspective **Behaviorist View**: Behavior is shaped and controlled by one's environment neutral, scientific, somewhat mechanistic view of human nature ** Cognitive View**: Much human behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information neutral, somewhat computer-like view of human nature **Psychodynamic View:** Behavior is directed by forces within one's personality that are often hidden or unconscious somewhat negative, pessimistic view of human nature **Humanistic View**: Behavior is guided by one's self-image, by subjective perceptions of the world, and needs for personal growth Positive, philosophical view of human nature **Sociocultural Perspective** Sociocultural View: Behavior is influenced by one's social and cultural context Neutral, interactionist view of human nature **[Field in Psychology]** **Biological Psychology** Focuses on the relationship between mind and behavior and their underlying biological processes Biological psychologists are interested in the physical mechanisms associated with behavior **Evolutionary Psychology** Attempts to answer the question of how our physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to our species' survival It is a modern extension of William James' functionalism The basic principle of evolutionary psychology is that our current behavior exists in its present form because it provided some advantage in survival and reproduction to our ancestors. Evolutionary psychology explains the behavior of humans today as a set of psychological adaptions that were made in order for our ancestors to survive in their environment. "It is thought that these phobias are influenced in part by evolution," he explains. "For example, it is beneficial for humans to be afraid of spiders, as some are poisonous. With a phobia, however, the fear is quite extreme." Explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including the reasons evolution might have favored certain behaviors **Cognitive Psychology** Focuses on the process of thinking, or the processing of information. A cognitive psychologist is likely to have a lot to say about the storage and retrieval of memories. A cognitive psychologist might ask why processing seems different when we are trying to remember names and dates while taking a history test compared to remembering how to ride a bicycle. What strategies can we use to make our memories more efficient? Examples of cognition include paying attention to something in the environment, learning something new, making decisions, processing language, sensing and perceiving environmental stimuli, solving problems, and using memory. **Social Psychology** Describes the effect of the social environment, including culture on the behavior of individuals. Social psychologists recognize that we each construct our own realities and that the social environment influences our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Investigates interpersonal behavior of individuals and how they interact with society. It also involves social thoughts, social influence, feelings, attractions and feelings **Developmental Psychology** Explores the normal changes in behavior that occurs across the lifespan Using the developmental perspective a, a psychologist might look at how memory functions in people of different ages. **Experimental Psychology** Entails a lot of research and focuses on the methodology by which behaviors are observed, studied and experimented **Personality Psychology** Studies the individual differences, traits, and characteristics in different situations. **Forensic Psychology** Focuses on the legal issues on the mental state of an individual that is on the trial and has committed a crime or has broken the law **Sports Psychology** uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of sports participation, and systemic issues associated with sports settings and organizations. **Industrial Psychology** used to study, analyze and understand human behavior in the workplace, mainly how business works and how employees function. Conducting a training needs analysis to determine what seminars and training employees need. **Educational Psychology** Focuses on the field of education and psychological problems that affects students and how to improve educational methodologies or processes in the academic setting. **Clinical Psychology** Seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors. One of her major tasks is to diagnose and treat individuals who have mental disorders and emotional problems. **Filipino Psychology "Sikolohiyang Pilipino"** Refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language. Enriquez later defined Sikolohiyang Pilipino as "the study of diwa" which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of 'essence' and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior. **The Beginnings of Filipino Psychology** In the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology. Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez and Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay Psychology in the Philippines: History and Current Trends "Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas" **The Early Years** In the area of Psychology practice, the first psychological clinic was set up by Sinforoso Padilla at the UP in 1932. Testing (intelligence, personality, and vocational), counseling and therapy were the main services offered. Hypnosis were used by Padilla even in those early days. The clinic's activities were suspended in 1941 and it was never reestablished after World War II. Outside of the school setting, Jaime Zaguierre, a psychiatrist and part time instructor of clinical psychology at the UP set up the first neuropsychological services unit at the V. Luna General Hospital in October 1947. **Professionalization of Psychology** The establishment of the Psychology Bill will only be the beginning of the difficult task that lies ahead. The establishment of a licensing examination and the back up programs for the upgrading of practitioners has to rely on a core of psychologists who are not only committed but also have management ability; who are not only competent practitioners but are also knowledgeable in test construction; who not only possess the appropriate professional standards but are also fair with a lot of common sense Relevant Laws in the Field of Psychology RA 10029 "Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 Psychology Law The State recognizes that psychologists have an important role in nation building and development. It also acknowledges the diverse specializations of psychologists and the diverse functions specific to the varied specializations In particular, it recognizes the significance of the psychological services that practicing psychologists provide to diverse types of clients, but also recognizes the need to protect The public by preventing inexperienced or untrained individuals from offering psychological services. **RA 11036** ** Mental Health Act** An Act Establishing a National Mental Health Policy for the Purpose of Enhancing the Delivery of Integrated Mental Health Services, Promoting and Protecting the Rights of Persons Utilizing Psychosocial Health Services, Appropriating Funds Therefor and Other Purposes The state affirms the basic right of all Filipinos to mental health as well as the fundamental rights of people who require mental health services. The state commits itself to promoting the well-being of people by ensuring that; mental health is valued, promoted and protected; mental health conditions are treated and prevented; timely, affordable, high quality, and culturally-appropriate mental health case is made available to the public; mental health service are free from coercion and accountable to the service users; and persons affected by mental health conditions are able to exercise the full range of human rights, and participate fully in society and at work free from stigmatization and discrimination Psychiatry is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental health conditions, primarily with prescription medications. A psychiatrist is someone who went to medical school, earned a medical degree (MD or DO), and specialized in psychiatry. Clinical psychologists and neuropsychologists provide comprehensive mental and behavioral health services for individuals, couples, and families. They may also provide psychological assessments to evaluate memory, personality, learning, attention, processing speed, academic skills (e.g., writing, reading, math), and behaviors to assist them in making proper diagnoses and treatment recommendations. Psychometrician deals exclusively with the administration, scoring and evaluating of psychological exams of patients Different Approaches and Methodologies Used in Psychology **5 Basic Steps in Conducting a Research** 1\. forming a research question 2\. forming a hypothesis3. Testing the hypothesis4. Analyzing the results5. Drawing conclusions. **Further Steps in Scientific Research** Replication New questions Observation The researcher doe not interfere with the behavuor of the observed to avoid bias Observation provides descriptions of behavior. **The Longitudinal Method** In the longitudinal method, researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time, often years or even decades. Psychologists use this method to observe how people change over time. The Cross-Sectional Method In the cross-sectional method, instead of following a set of individuals over a number of years, researches select a sample that includes people of different ages. This allows researchers to compare the behavior of participants in different age groups. **The Naturalistic-Observation Method** When psychologists observe children as they learn language naturally, such as while they interact with other children, they are using naturalistic observation. In naturalistic observation, psychologists try not to interfere with the individuals they are observing. **The Laboratory-Observation Method** When psychologists observe behavior in a laboratory rather than in the field, they are conducting laboratory observation. A laboratory is any place that provides the opportunity for observation and experimentation. The Skinner box and the maze are both examples of laboratories. The observer effect can be minimized by concealing the observer , using hidden recorders, Observer's bias -- observers see what thye expect to see or record only selected details **Survey** This method uses questionnaires administered to samples of people from what is referred to as a population to find out about attitudes and behavior. To accurately predict an outcome, psychologists study a group that represents the target population. Sampling Method: Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling **Case Study** Psychologists examine an individual's personal life