Chapter 01: Introduction to Psychology PDF

1. Which of the following best describes the mind?   a.  The basis of rational thought --- ----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   b.  The hidden instinctual self   c.  The embodiment of the soul   d.  A way of...

1. Which of the following best describes the mind?   a.  The basis of rational thought --- ----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   b.  The hidden instinctual self   c.  The embodiment of the soul   d.  A way of talking about the activities of the brain, including thought, emotion, and behavior ------------- --- *ANSWER:  * d ------------- --- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2. The scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and brain | | functions is called \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  introspection | | --- ----- --------------- | |   b.  psychology | |   c.  behaviorism | |   d.  functionalism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 3. The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: *psyche* | | (or *psuche*), meaning "the soul," and *logos*, meaning "the | | \_\_\_\_." | | | |   a.  law of | | --- ----- ------------------- | |   b.  expression of | |   c.  study of | |   d.  representation of | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 4. Rosa, a doctoral student in psychology, observes that one of her | | young study participants grimaces after taking a bite of broccoli. | | His facial expression is an example of \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  a psychosomatic response | | --- ----- ------------------------------ | |   b.  a behavior | |   c.  an integrated mental process | |   d.  introspection | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5. Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, | | studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline | | that allows for \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  making essential comparisons with humans | | --- ----- -------------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  understanding animal--human interactions × | |   c.  understanding behavior from an evolutionary standpoint | |   d.  designing better psychoanalytical therapies × | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 6. A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the | | trenches in World War I are highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, | | and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. [He asks them | | to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and | | behaviors in a journal.] This process is called \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  extroversion | | --- ----- --------------- | |   b.  transference | |   c.  objectivism | |   d.  introspection | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 7. It is difficult for others to confirm an individual's subjective | | introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychoanalysis | | --- ----- ----------------------- | |   b.  the scientific method | |   c.  case studies | |   d.  cognitive therapy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 8. New and innovative methods have allowed psychologists to observe | | brain activity and revisit questions of mental processes. What | | quality was introduced to psychological research through the use of | | these methods? | | | |   a.  Objectivity | | --- ----- ------------------ | |   b.  Subjectivity | |   c.  Generalizability | |   d.  Conclusiveness | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 9. Kevin Boyack and his colleagues generated a map of sciences, | | similar to a map of friendship networks on social media, by using | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  the number of doctoral dissertations in each field | | --- ----- ---------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  the titles of journal articles | |   c.  reference lists in journal articles | |   d.  search terms related to psychology | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 10. The mapping done by Boyack and colleagues shows that psychology | | is one of the major hub sciences, with strong connections to the | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  medical sciences, the social sciences, and education | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -- | |   b.  humanities, education, and the medical sciences | |   c.  social sciences, the medical sciences, and the humanities | |   d.  medical sciences, education, and philosophy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 11. Psychology as a hub science tells us that \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychological research is well funded | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ----------- | |   b.  the general population is intrigued by the study of human | | behavior | |   c.  psychology is one of the oldest disciplines | |   d.  many disciplines require an in-depth understanding of peo | | ple | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 12. New technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries included all of | | the following except \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  the microscope | | --- ----- --------------------------- | |   b.  the electroencephalograph | |   c.  the telescope | |   d.  the calculator | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 13. The psychology family tree includes two major roots: \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  biology and philosophy | | --- ----- ------------------------------------- | |   b.  medicine and the social sciences | |   c.  anthropology and physics | |   d.  philosophy and the natural sciences | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 14. The discipline that began to incorporate physiological and | | psychological concepts into their work, is called \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychology | | --- ----- ------------ | |   b.  history | |   c.  science | |   d.  philosophy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 15. Any science that studies the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ events that | | occur in nature is called a natural science. | | | |   a.  spiritual and religious | | --- ----- -------------------------- | |   b.  physical and biological | |   c.  applied and practical | |   d.  developmental and static | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 16. Philosophers and psychologists have a shared interest in, among | | other things, \_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  helping others gain self-confidence | | --- ----- ------------------------------------- | |   b.  anatomy of the nervous system | |   c.  the scientific method | |   d.  the origin of knowledge | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 17. Which early figure in psychology determined that signals from the | | toe took longer to reach the brain than signals from the thigh? | | | |   a.  Aristotle | | --- ----- ----------- | |   b.  James | |   c.  Helmholtz | |   d.  Fechner | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 18. LaKeita is randomly presenting sounds to Monica and Monica is | | responding "yes" when she hears the sound and "no" if she doesn't | | hear the sound. LaKeita states that the point at which Monica is | | correct 50% of the time means that the tone is within the range of | | human hearing. LaKeita's research is most similar to that of which | | early figure in psychology? | | | |   a.  Fechner | | --- ----- ------------------------- | |   b.  Helmholtz | |   c.  Freud | |   d.  Wundt→**structuralism** | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 19. Which of the following is **not** a shared interest between | | philosophers and psychologists? | | | |   a.  The relative balance of biological factors and environmen | | tal factors | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------- | |   b.  The relationships between drug treatments and disorders | |   c.  The relationships between self-interest and community wel | | fare | |   d.  The relationships between body and mind | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 20. The major precept of the British philosophical school of | | empiricism was that | | | |   a.  the "mind" and the "body" are two separate and disconnect | | ed entities. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------------------------- | |   b.  human beings are generally good and innately move in posi | | tive directions. | |   c.  research is not at all valuable unless there are appropri | | ate statistics to support the conclusions. | |   d.  the mind is a "blank slate" at birth that gets filled wit | | h ideas gained by observing the world. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 21. The empiricist philosophers had a profound influence on the | | foundations of American political thought that | | | |   a.  people are born evil. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------- | |   b.  people have to compete to survive. | |   c.  people are born equal. | |   d.  some people are born with title and privilege and other a | | re born commoners. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 22. Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that | | all knowledge is \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  gained through sensory experience | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------ | |   b.  innate or inborn | |   c.  built upon from simple schema present at birth | |   d.  acquired by integrating environmental cues with innate sk | | ills | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 23. Which of the following best describes the British empiricists' | | view of the mind? | | | |   a.  Infants acquire language primarily by drawing from innate | | mechanisms. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------- | |   b.  Infants learn to process language entirely based on their | | experiences. | |   c.  Infants with similar genetic backgrounds will acquire lan | | guage at similar rates. | |   d.  Infants are born with varying degrees of aptitude for acq | | uiring language. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 24. American political thought was profoundly influenced by \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  behaviorism | | --- ----- ---------------- | |   b.  psychoanalysis | |   c.  dualism | |   d.  empiricism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 25. Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychology | | views the mind? | | | |   a.  Sam was just born smart, though no one else in his family | | seems to share his intelligence. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  Sam must have gotten the "smart gene" from his mother: He | | never studies but gets good grades. | |   c.  Sam was sent to the best schools and thus became a highly | | intelligent individual. | |   d.  Sam was alert and responsive as a baby, studied diligentl | | y in school, and was admitted to a top-ranked college. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 26. Brindel is a contemporary psychologist who has been examining the | | "nature versus nurture" question. Which of the following would she be | | most likely to conclude? | | | |   a.  We are solely a product of our surroundings and environme | | nt. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | - | |   b.  The mind is a result of interactions between inborn chara | | cteristics and everyday experiences. | |   c.  We are nothing more than the sum of our genes. | |   d.  Psychology should not concern itself with this question, | | as neither nature nor nurture can be studied in a scientific manner. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 27. Which of the following is the best summary of how the study of | | psychology moved away from the study of philosophy? | | | |   a.  Psychology explores individual rather than global phenome | | na. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------- | |   b.  Psychology employs the scientific method. | |   c.  Psychology is interested in the use of therapeutic techni | | ques. | |   d.  Psychology explores the roots of abnormal behaviors. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 28. Ancient people might have used a technique of | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for a variety of ailments including | | headaches, seizures, or psychological disorders. | | | |   a.  talking therapy | | --- ----- ----------------------------- | |   b.  partial smothering | |   c.  drilling holes in the skull | |   d.  dietary management | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 29. In what way did ancient physicians contribute to contemporary | | psychology? | | | |   a.  By helping develop the scientific method | | --- ----- ------------------------------------------ | |   b.  By studying hormone imbalances | |   c.  By developing diagnostic tools | |   d.  By studying astrology | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 30. Dr. Jones is an archaeologist who studies the skulls of human | | beings who lived thousands of years ago. He has found that many such | | skulls had circular holes where part of the skull was missing, and | | reads that this may have been a form of medical treatment called | | trepanation. Dr. Jones also concludes that some of these patients | | must have survived this surgical procedure. Which evidence would | | support this conclusion? | | | |   a.  Drawings and photographs of people who survived the proce | | dure living with a reduction in their symptoms | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------------------------------ | |   b.  Writings that were preserved from those who underwent and | | survived the procedure | |   c.  The existence of cracks leading up to and surrounding the | | surgical skull hole | |   d.  Growth of the skull bones after the procedure | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 31. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, with new technologies | | including the light microscope, scientists began to make a series of | | important new discoveries showing that \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  a single nerve cell carries one type of information | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -- | |   b.  nerve cells use electrical impulses to transmit signals | |   c.  the mind works in isolation from the rest of the body | |   d.  chemical messengers facilitate communication in the brain | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 32. Hermann von Helmholtz's work on \_\_\_\_ provided further | | evidence that the mind had a physical basis. | | | |   a.  dissection and human anatomy | | --- ----- ------------------------------- | |   b.  the range of human hearing | |   c.  the mind--body dichotomy | |   d.  the speed of nerve conduction | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 33. Contrary to popular belief during his time, the types of | | discoveries like Hermann von Helmholtz's work on nerve conduction | | convinced scientists that \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  different brain regions work together to integrate inform | | ation | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --------- | |   b.  specific regions of the brain control specific behaviors | |   c.  nerve conduction is quick and in all practicality, instan | | taneous | |   d.  the mind could be studied scientifically | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 34. Jake trips; he knocks his elbow against the edge of the door jamb | | while simultaneously stubbing his toe on a chair. Based on the work | | of von Helmholtz's, which of the following is likely to occur? | | | |   a.  The intensity of the elbow pain is greater than that of t | | he toe pain. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------- | |   b.  The intensity of pain for both the toe and elbow is equal | |. | |   c.  He experiences the elbow pain before the toe pain. | |   d.  He experiences the toe and elbow pain instantaneously. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 35. The first true psychologist was \_\_\_\_. He was a research | | assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz, conducted the first documented | | psychological experiment, and established a psychology laboratory at | | the University of Leipzig. | | | |   a.  Edward Titchener | | --- ----- ------------------ | |   b.  Wilhelm Wundt | |   c.  Max Wertheimer | |   d.  Kurt Koffka | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 36. The first official psychological experiment involved \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  observing the behavior of cats when escaping puzzle boxes | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  measuring how quickly, after hearing a ball drop onto a p | | latform, a person could respond by striking a telegraph key | |   c.  the salivation of dogs in anticipation of food in respons | | e to the arrival of the handler | |   d.  the use of a stroboscope to control the timing of the app | | earance of two black lines against a white background | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 37. While writing a research paper examining the theoretical view of | | Wilhelm Wundt, Jackson notes that Wundt felt that the mind constructs | | an overall perception \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  based on prior life experiences | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------- | |   b.  based on its relationship to evolutionary survival | |   c.  by perceiving complete forms within their context | |   d.  out of building blocks made up of separate sensations and | | emotional responses | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 38. Wilhelm Wundt's student, Edward Titchener, developed an approach | | in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental | | experience. What was this called? | | | |   a.  Structuralism | | --- ----- --------------- | |   b.  Functionalism | |   c.  Behaviorism | |   d.  Humanism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 39. Titchener's approach to psychology paralleled which of the | | following trends of his day? | | | |   a.  The development of graduate programs in mathematics | | --- ----- -------------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  The movement for women's suffrage in American politics | |   c.  Efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements | |   d.  The use of light in Impressionist art | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 40. Which of the following describes Wundt's use of introspection as | | an experimental technique? | | | |   a.  The participants in his study focused on internal thought | | s and feelings about their competence while performing a task. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------- | |   b.  The participants in his study drew from their internal th | | oughts and feelings as they described an object in detail. | |   c.  The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as | | soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform, indicating their inte | | rnal state. | |   d.  The participants in his study used mental building block | | constructs to describe their perception of an object. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 41. Acknowledging that an experience is different from the sum of its | | elements is reflective of \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychodynamic theory | | --- ----- ---------------------- | |   b.  Gestalt psychology | |   c.  structuralism | |   d.  functionalism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 42. The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded | | Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  Wilhelm Wundt→**structualism** | | --- ----- ---------------------------------------- | |   b.  William James→**functionalism** | |   c.  Wolfgang Köhler | |   d.  Ulric Neisser→**cognitive revolution** | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 43. The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a "whole" | | perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the | | structuralists, would result in the loss of \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  important psychological information | | --- ----- ------------------------------------- | |   b.  fundamental intellect | |   c.  learned consciousness | |   d.  irrational behaviors | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 44. Which of the following proverbs best describes Gestalt theory? | | | |   a.  A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. | | --- ----- ------------------------------------------------------ | |   b.  The more things change, the more they stay the same. | |   c.  A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. | |   d.  The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 45. The letter B and the number 13 might appear to be very similar; | | in fact, the only real difference between them is the space between | | the left and right sides of each figure. Who would be most likely to | | describe this difference as being caused by the context of the | | letters or numbers that come before and after the image? | | | |   a.  William, who is a functionalist | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------- | |   b.  Max, who is a Gestalt psychologist | |   c.  Ziggy, who is a psychoanalytic psychologist | |   d.  Terry, who is a cognitive psychologist | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 46. What is the approach to psychology that saw behavior as | | purposeful and contributing to survival? | | | |   a.  Behaviorism | | --- ----- --------------- | |   b.  Functionalism | |   c.  Humanism | |   d.  Structuralism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 47. Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  *Great Expectations*, by Charles Dickens | | --- ----- ------------------------------------------------ | |   b.  *The Prince and the Pauper*, by Mark Twain | |   c.  *The Origin of the Species*, by Charles Darwin | |   d.  *Far from the Madding Crowd*, by Thomas Hardy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 48. Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist | | approach and whose textbook, *Principles of Psychology*, dominated | | the field of psychology for 50 years after its publication? | | | |   a.  Sigmund Freud | | --- ----- ---------------- | |   b.  B. F. Skinner | |   c.  Abraham Maslow | |   d.  William James | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 49. Throughout his discussions of mental processes and behavior, | | James emphasized the role of \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  environment | | --- ----- ------------- | |   b.  evolution | |   c.  abandonment | |   d.  nurture | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 50. William James' impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by | | the fact that functionalism \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  was absorbed into mainstream psychology | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ----- | |   b.  became a separate discipline | |   c.  bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology | |   d.  bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psychol | | ogy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 51. An approach to psychology that features the study and careful | | measurement of observable behaviors is called \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  functionalism | | --- ----- --------------- | |   b.  structuralism | |   c.  behaviorism | |   d.  humanism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 52. As part of their effort to measure behavior carefully, many | | behaviorists restricted their research to studies using \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  animals | | --- ----- ---------- | |   b.  children | |   c.  adults | |   d.  males | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 53. A leading behaviorist who first explored classical conditioning | | is \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  Edward Thorndike | | --- ----- ----------------------- | |   b.  B. F. Skinner | |   c.  John B. Watson | |   d.  Ivan Petrovich Pavlov | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 54. The salivation of dogs in Pavlov's experiments was significant | | because it \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  emphasized conscious thought | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------------------- | |   b.  demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future ev | | ents as a survival advantage | |   c.  indicated that intelligence is innate | |   d.  demonstrated that the ability to smell food prior to its | | arrival is a highly developed sense | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 55. Which of the following is least likely to be an example of | | classical conditioning? | | | |   a.  A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries | |. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------ | |   b.  A whiff of perfume on a crowded subway triggers a memory | | of a prior love. | |   c.  A dog sits upon sight or smell of a treat. | |   d.  A former soldier cringes at the sound of an airplane over | | head. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 56. John B. Watson was \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  part of the cognitive revolution | | --- ----- ---------------------------------- | |   b.  a leading humanist | |   c.  a leading behaviorist | |   d.  one of Freud's disciples | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 57. Which of the following most closely paraphrases Watson's views | | regarding human behavior? | | | |   a.  Some children are born with artistic talent; others are n | | ot. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------- | |   b.  I can raise a child to be an artist if he or she has at l | | east a small amount of talent and interest. | |   c.  Very few children actually have the skill and discipline | | to become artists. | |   d.  I can raise any child to be an artist, regardless of his | | or her tendencies. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 58. Watson changed the goal of psychology from Wundt's desire to | | understand consciousness to the \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  explication of the unconscious | | --- ----- ---------------------------------------- | |   b.  the study of observable behavior | |   c.  understanding of cognition | |   d.  analysis of the whole beyond the parts | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 59. Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect? | | | |   a.  B. F. Skinner | | --- ----- ------------------ | |   b.  John B. Watson | |   c.  Noam Chomsky | |   d.  Edward Thorndike | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 60. In Thorndike's experiment on trial and error learning, the cat | | would escape a puzzle box faster and faster on progressive trials. In | | other words, the cat \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  acquired faster nerve impulses on successive trials | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ---- | |   b.  became more physically fit | |   c.  memorized the solution to the puzzle | |   d.  repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective on | | es | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 61. B. F. Skinner, a leading behaviorist who explored operant | | conditioning, believed that inner, private states such as thinking | | and feeling existed and \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  should be analyzed based on introspection | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------- | |   b.  viewed them as behaviors that followed the same rules as | | public behaviors | |   c.  viewed them as behaviors that should be attended to throu | | gh psychodynamic therapy | |   d.  are a part of what makes a person inherently human and go | | od | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 62. Skinner generalized his findings to complex human behaviors even | | though his subject pool was limited to \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  rats and pigeons | | --- ----- ------------------- | |   b.  children | |   c.  graduate students | |   d.  dogs and cats | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 63. Which of the following is an application of Skinner's | | behaviorism? | | | |   a.  Dr. Monson provides humane living conditions for the mice | | in his research laboratory. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  Doug needs to lose a few pounds, and has a rule that if h | | e eats a dessert, he must go for a 5-mile run. | |   c.  Sandra is learning a new surgical procedure by observing | | several operations performed by other physicians. | |   d.  Dylan is delaying vaccinations for his young son because | | of his concerns regarding autism. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 64. By the 1950s, the behaviorists' disinterest in mental states and | | activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields, including | | linguistics and computer science, leading to \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychodynamic theory | | --- ----- -------------------------------- | |   b.  client-centered therapy | |   c.  a new appreciation of humanism | |   d.  a cognitive revolution | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 65. Who is a leading cognitive psychologist? | | | |   a.  Carl Rogers | | --- ----- ----------------------------------- | |   b.  Jean Piaget | |   c.  Ulric Neisser | |   d.  Edward Thorndike →**behaviorism** | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 66. Which of the following refers to the very private and internal | | mental processes that the behaviorists avoided studying---information | | processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving? | | | |   a.  Client-centered therapy | | --- ----- ------------------------- | |   b.  Self-actualization | |   c.  Cognition | |   d.  Study of the mind | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 67. Which of the following best represents a cognitive approach to | | childhood language learning? | | | |   a.  Children acquire language in response to parental approva | | l. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  Children are born with distinct physical features that fa | | cilitate learning the language of their parents. | |   c.  Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning lan | | guage. | |   d.  Children acquire language in response to being understood | |. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 68. Many of the big questions tackled by behaviorists are now | | examined through the lens of the \_\_\_\_ perspective. | | | |   a.  cognitive or biological | | --- ----- -------------------------------- | |   b.  structural or historical | |   c.  evolutionary or cross-cultural | |   d.  psychodynamic or humanistic | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 69. With the exception of occasional bursts of insight from the | | Egyptians and Greeks, the most common view of psychological disorders | | over the course of history has been that they \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  originated in childhood from repressive parenting | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------- | |   b.  resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other extern | | al, magical forces | |   c.  originated from guilt for condemned behaviors | |   d.  resulted from malfunctions of the human body | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 70. Between the17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for | | psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific | | approaches: \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  functionalism and behaviorism | | --- ----- ------------------------------------------- | |   b.  a cognitive model and a behavioral model | |   c.  a medical model and a psychological model | |   d.  psychodynamic theory and humanism | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 71. Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with | | others, touching doorknobs, and being in crowded public spaces, such | | as subway cars. He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day. His | | doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his | | level of serotonin. Which approach to psychological disorders does | | this exemplify? | | | |   a.  The psychotherapeutic model | | --- ----- ------------------------------ | |   b.  The medical model | |   c.  The psychological model | |   d.  The self-actualization model | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 72. Valerie recently lost her sister to suicide. She is having | | difficulty sleeping, feels hopeless about the future, and is easily | | startled or frightened. Her doctor recommends that she participate in | | a discussion group led by a social worker to connect with others who | | are going through a similar experience. Which approach to | | psychological disorders does this exemplify? | | | |   a.  The psychological model | | --- ----- ------------------------------ | |   b.  The behavioral model | |   c.  The self-actualization model | |   d.  The medical model | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 73. Who contributed ideas about the unconscious mind, the development | | of sexuality, dream analysis, psychological roots of abnormal | | behavior, personality, and therapy? | | | |   a.  Abraham Maslow | | --- ----- ---------------- | |   b.  Carl Rogers | |   c.  Sigmund Freud | |   d.  Noam Chomsky | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 74. Freud's psychodynamic theory and its applications to the | | treatment of psychological disorders dominated much of psychological | | thinking for the \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  first half of the 19th century | | --- ----- --------------------------------- | |   b.  second half of the 19th century | |   c.  first half of the 20th century | |   d.  second half of the 20th century | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 75. Which of the following statements about Freud's work is true? | | | |   a.  His theories do not lend themselves to experimentation. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  His patients were primarily working class men and therefo | | re not representative of the broader population. | |   c.  His theories were based exclusively on animal studies. | |   d.  His psychoanalytic techniques are replicated in their ori | | ginal form today. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 76. An approach to psychology that sees people as inherently good and | | motivated to learn and improve is called \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  behaviorism | | --- ----- ----------------------- | |   b.  humanistic psychology | |   c.  Freudian psychology | |   d.  Gestalt psychology | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 77. Humanistic psychologists believed that \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior→ ** | | Freud** | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | -------------------------- | |   b.  society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innatel | | y selfish and aggressive | |   c.  people behave badly only when corrupted by society | |   d.  the true motivation for humans to be successful is to see | | others fail | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 78. A leading humanistic thinker who asked questions about what made | | a person "good" as opposed to Freud's focus on what goes wrong with | | people was \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  Abraham Maslow | | --- ----- ---------------- | |   b.  Alan Newell | |   c.  Herbert Simon | |   d.  Carl Rogers | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 79. Carl Rogers, a leading humanist, developed the approach of | | \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  psychoanalysis | | --- ----- ------------------------- | |   b.  cognitive therapy | |   c.  behavioral therapy | |   d.  client-centered therapy | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 80. Which of the following statements is an example of humanistic | | influence? | | | |   a.  Capital punishment serves a protective role in a liberal | | society. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------- | |   b.  "I hear what you're saying." | |   c.  Parental love should mirror the behavior of the child. | |   d.  "Do as I say, not as I do." | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * b | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 81. What was a major shortcoming of early psychologists? | | | |   a.  They overgeneralized their findings. | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------- | |   b.  They abandoned the scientific method. | |   c.  They diluted their efforts by diverging into several psyc | | hological specializations. | |   d.  They tried to establish theories without a large body of | | experimental data. | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 82. By the second half of the 20th century, the majority of | | psychologists were pursuing an understanding of behavior from the | | \_\_\_\_ approach. | | | |   a.  centrist | | --- ----- -------------- | |   b.  divergent | |   c.  perspectives | |   d.  dualistic | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 83. When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different | | perspectives, it \_\_\_\_. | | | |   a.  implies disagreement on basic principles | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | --- | |   b.  represents a lack of awareness of alternative perspective | | s | |   c.  indicates different points of view about behavior | |   d.  reflects changing trends in psychology | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * c | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 84. What is the psychological perspective that focuses on the | | relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological | | processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology? | | | |   a.  Evolutionary psychology | | --- ----- -------------------------- | |   b.  Developmental psychology | |   c.  Cognitive psychology | |   d.  Biological psychology | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * d | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 85. In the 1970s, what initiated an explosion of knowledge about the | | connections between brain and behavior? | | | |   a.  New methods for observing brain activity | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | |   b.  Looser government regulations on human experimentation | |   c.  A focus away from animal research toward human research | |   d.  The advent of the statistical method | | | | ------------- --- | | *ANSWER:  * a | | ------------- --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 86. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of research | | of a biological psychologist? | | | |   a.  Did contagious yawning provide a survival advantage in ea | | rly societies? | | --- ----- --------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------------------------------------ | |   b.  Do stress hormones due