Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry PDF

Introduction to Chemistry, the Study Of Matter DEFINITION OF CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY - the science which deals with the study of matter, its properties, its composition, the changes it undergoes and the energy accompanying these changes.  MATTER - anything that ha...

Introduction to Chemistry, the Study Of Matter DEFINITION OF CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY - the science which deals with the study of matter, its properties, its composition, the changes it undergoes and the energy accompanying these changes.  MATTER - anything that has mass and takes up space. MASS - the quantity of matter in an object or body. ENERGY - the capacity of matter for doing work. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY 1. Organic Chemistry 2. Inorganic Chemistry 3. Physical Chemistry 4. Analytical Chemistry 5. Biochemistry 6. Chemical Engineering 7. Colloid Chemistry 8. Electrochemistry 9. Nuclear Chemistry  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - the study of the compounds of carbon  INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - the study of all elements and compounds other than organic compounds.  PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - the study of theoretical aspects of the structure and changes of matter.  ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - thestudy of what is present and how much is present in a substance. * These are quantitative and qualitative analyses respectively.  BIOCHEMISTRY - the study of chemistry of biologically important elements and compounds. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING -a combination of chemistry and engineering that develops or improves industrial processes for making commercial amounts of desirable chemicals that have been produced only in small quantities or in the laboratory. COLLOID CHEMISTRY - the study of the behavior of particles of matter that are larger than ordinary molecules but smaller than objects that can be seen with the best optical microscopes.  COLLOID CHEMISTRY * Particles in this size range from 10 to 2 000A in diameter and have many unique properties. * Colloid chemistry is concerned with substances such as rubber, plastics, fabrics, viruses, chromosomes and gases. ELECTROCHEMISTRY - the study of chemical reactions that are produced by or that produce an electric current.  ELECTROCHEMISTRY * Alsostudied are the electrical conductivity of solutions and the phenomena that occur in electrodes. * Electrochemistry provides methods for chemical analysis and the production of chemicals by electrical means. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY - the study of radioactivity. FORMS OF MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE - a substance with constant composition * Can be classified as element or compound.  ELEMENTS - are the simplest forms of matter having a definite set of properties  PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS - vertical and horizontal arrangement of elements showing periodic variation and properties. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS * Take a look at the periodic table of elements. * Metals are located on the left part of the periodic and non-metals on the right. * Metalloids are those between the boundary of metals and non- metals. ATOM - the smallest part of an element that retains the element’s properties. *An atom cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means. ATOMS Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus of Abdera developed the atomic hypothesis. Leucippus and his pupil Democritus (470-380 BC) proposed that matter was made up of small indivisible particles - atoms. Leucippus Democritus  METALS - are elements that form based on combinations Aluminum with the hydroxyl group.  METALS * They are good conductors of heat and electricity. * Metals are also called conductors. NON-METALS - are acidic when reacted on by water. * Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. * They are also called insulators. METALLOIDS - behave either as metallic or non-metallic. * They are also called semi- conductors. COMPOUNDS - are chemical combinations of elements that can be decomposed only by chemical reaction. * They are substances containing only one kind of molecule. MOLECULE - the smallest part of a compound that retains that compound’s properties. * The atoms in a molecule can be separated by chemical means.  OXIDE - any binary compound of oxygen. ACID - a substance that releases hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water. * It causes an increase in the concentration of the solvent action upon dissociation in water. BASE - a substance that accepts protons. * It is a substance that on dissociation in water causes an increase in the concentration of the solvent action SALTS - are compounds produced when all part of the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal. MIXTURE - a substance composed of two or more elements or compounds each of which retains its individual properties. MIXTURE * They are divided into solutions, colloids and suspensions. * They can also be classified as homogeneous and heterogeneous.  SOLUTION - a mixture of solute and solvent.  Components of solution Solute-substances dissolved in a solvent, which is usually present in lesser quantity Solvent- substance in which the solute is dissolved or the dissolving medium, which is usually present in larger amount 42 Solvent Solute Example Gas Gas Mixture of gases, air. Gas Liquid Water vapours in air, mist. Gas Solid Sublimation of a solid into a gas, smoke. Liquid Gas CO2 gas dissolved in water (aerated drinks). Liquid Liquid Mixture of miscible liquids, e.g., alcohol in water. Liquid Solid Salt in water, sugar in water. Solid Gas Adsorption of gases over metals; hydrogen over palladium. Solid Liquid Mercury in zinc, mercury in gold,CuSO4.5H2O. Solid Solid Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (alloys), e.g., copper in gold, zinc in copper. COLLOID - a substance which is not a solid, liquid or gas. *It is neither a true solution nor a coarse suspension  SUSPENSION - the only classification for a heterogeneous substance. *Suspension is a mixture in which the solid particles remain suspended in the solvent. property solution colloids suspension Particle size Less than 1 nm 1-100nm More than 100 nm appearance clear cloudy cloudy separation Does not Does not Separates or separate separate settles Filterability Passes through Passes Do not pass the filter paper through the through filter filter paper paper example Salt solution Starch Muddy solution 46 solution States of Matter SOLID - with a definite shape and volume and the particles cohere rigidly to one another. * The shape is independent of the container.  LIQUID - have a definite volume but with no definite shape.  LIQUID * Particles cohere firmly but not rigidly. * Although particles are held together by strong attractive forces and are in close contact with one another, they are able to move freely, hence they take the shape of the container in which they are stored.  GAS - has no definite volume or shape  GAS * Particles in the gaseous state have gained enough energy to overcome the attractive forces that held them together as liquids or solids. * A gas presses continuously on the walls of any container. OTHER FORMS / STATES OF MATTER 4. Plasma 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate PLASMA - an electrically charged gas - most common phase in the universe *Example: the sun or any other star BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE - a condensate that forms near absolute zero that has superconductive properties * Example: supercooled Rb gas GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER  PHYSICAL PROPERTY - the characteristics observable without a change in the substance * The physical properties (mass, melting point, hardness, etc.) can be measured and expressed in number. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES -properties of matter, which are independent of its quantity. * Boiling point is an example of this.  EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES - properties like length and volume, which depend on the amount - also called accidental properties  CHEMICAL PROPERTY - the property observed by its reaction to another substance -The chemical properties (valence, ionization, etc) determine how a substance reacts chemically.  GENERAL PROPERTIES - properties of matter that exist in all materials  GENERAL PROPERTIES 1. Density 2. Mass 3. Volume 4. Weight 5. Impenetrability  SPECIFIC PROPERTIES - properties that exist only on particular materials SPECIFIC PROPERTIES 1. Hardness 2. Malleability 3. Tenacity 4. Luster 5. Brittleness 6. Ductility 7. Elasticity 8. Plasticity HARDNESS -the ability to cut other materials. * A diamond is an example. * It is harder than glass and the first can cut the latter. MALLEABILITY - the ability to withstand hammering without breaking. * Gold is the most malleable of all metals. TENACITY - the property of being strong. * Steel is good for making machines because it can stand a lot of stress. LUSTER - the property to reflect light. *Precious stones and most metals have luster.  BRITTLENESS - a property possessed by a material which is easily broken. *Glass and ceramics are brittle. DUCTILITY - the ability to be drawn into fine wires without breaking. *Tungsten makes a good filament of a light bulb because it is ductile.  ELASTICITY - the ability to stretch and spring back to its original size or shape when an outside force is applied or removed. * Rubber is elastic. PLASTICITY - the ability to be molded into various shapes. *Plastics got their name from this ability. Changes of Matter  PHYSICAL CHANGES - are changes in the state of matter without an accompanying change in the composition.  PHYSICAL CHANGES * Size, shape and density are examples of properties that can be changed physically. * The changing of ice into water and water to steam are physical changes from one state of matter into another. * No new substances are formed in these physical changes.  CHEMICAL CHANGES - are those changes by which new substances are formed.  CHEMICAL CHANGES * They are substances with different properties and compositions from the original material. * Rusting of iron is a chemical change wherein the shiny, bright metal changes to reddish brown.