CEE-1_2024_INORGANIC CHEM.pdf

OUTLINE I. Introduction XI. Group VB: Vanadium Subgroup...

OUTLINE I. Introduction XI. Group VB: Vanadium Subgroup II. Group IA: Alkali Metals XII. Group VIA: Chalcogens III. Group IB: Coinage Metals XIII. Group VIB: Chromium Subgroup CEE 1: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IV. V. Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals Group IIB: Volatile Metals XIV. Group VIIA: Halogens XV. Group VIIB: Manganese Subgroup VI. Group IIIA: Icosagens XVI. Group VIIIA: Noble Gases I. INTRODUCTION VII. Group IIIB: Scandium Subgroup XVII. Group VIIIB: Triads VIII. Group IVA: Crystallogens XVIII. Pharmaceutically Important IX. Group IVB: Chalcogens Inorganic Acids Presented by Althea Julianne S. Libed, RPh X. Group VA: Pnictogens XIX. Qualitative Tests (Compiled notes from Althea Julianne S. Libed, RPh and Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, RPh, MSPharm) INORGANIC CHEMISTRY THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS It is the study of all elements under periodic table and its compound. Elements with chemical symbols of non-English origin It describes the characteristics of substances obtained from non-living matter ____ periods; ____ groups and minerals. Types of Elements ______________________________: outer energy level is incomplete ______________________________: d-orbital is partially filled from IIIB to IIB ______________________________: 14-member families with partially filled f-orbitals ______________________________: completely filled set of s and p orbitals, very stable FAMILIES NAMES Group IA Bridge Elements Metals vs. Nonmetals Group IIA METALS NON-METALS Group IIIA Form ________ oxides Form ________ oxides Group IVA _____ density and _____ MP _____ density and _____ MP Group VA ________ conductors of heat and ________ conductors of heat and Group VIA electricity electricity Group VIIA Lustrous, ductile, malleable Dull, brittle Group IB Tend to ________ electrons Tend to ________ electrons Group IIB Group VIIIA / Group 0 Metalloids Important Compounds and its Common Uses COMPOUNDS USES / APPLICATION Acetates Bromides Carbonates Citrates Fluorides Hypochlorites Iodides Metabisulfites GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS A. HYDROGEN Valence: ___; Oxidation state: ___ AKA: __________ air Most reactive of all the metallic elements Discovered by __________ They __________ occur freely in nature. Named by _______________ Differentiated by: _____ __________ element React with __________ family to form salts The most abundant element in the ______________ II. GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS React with __________ oxygen forming _______ oxides Hydroxides give alkaline solutions Commercial Preparation: ___ Atomic number = ___ Activity __________________________ - produces 99% H2 = Blue water gas (CO + H2) ___ Atomic number = ___ Alkalinity __________________________ - produces dihydrogen from redox of Iron ___ Atomic number = ___ Degree of solvation __________________________ - from water A. HYDROGEN Water Water Isotopes: Universal Solvent Types of water: a. _________________ - most abundant Omnipresent ______________________ - water associated when crystals precipitate from (common and stable) aqueous solution Chemically stable b. _________________ - heavy hydrogen ______________________ - water associated with cations and/or anions of a Possible roles: c. _________________ - radioactive isotope salt in solution or crystal; common in solid solvent - Solvent for ionic compounds - Ligand _______________ - physically held water - Acid or base _______________ - water coordinated in a cationic complex or held in a definite lattice structure of the crystals - Oxidizing agent Water Hydrogen Peroxide B. LITHIUM AKA: ________ Uses: ____________________ - fit to drink, free from coliform organisms Lightest ________ a. treatment for _______________ as mouthwash; ________________ - water with minimal or no dissolved inorganic ions; low in ___ lightest ________ dissolved calcium and magnesium ions b. antiseptic; Highly reactive - storage: ______________________ ________________ - water with appreciable amounts of Ca and Mg ions c. bleaching agent in hair (cosmetic use) Li more closely resembles ___, to some extent Ca. a. _______________________: contain soluble calcium or magnesium It can cause _______________ bicarbonates in water, easily removed by boiling Pharmacologic Action Teratogenic effect: _________________ b. _______________________: Contain soluble sulfates, chlorides, or Commercial Availability: Depressant to nerve centers - congenital heart defect characterized by hydroxides of calcium and/or magnesium, removed by ion-exchange resins 10-volume (__%); 20-volume solution (__%); 100-volume (__%) Diuretic a malformation of the tricuspid valve Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP: 10 volume solution (3%) with ___________ Treatment for mania (mental disorder) Thenard’s oxygenated acid w/ 0.03% acetanilide (Acidic medium) USE: _________________ in air conditioner COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Lithium bromide CNS depressant Lithium fluoride Welding flux in aluminum and (LiBr) (no longer used) (LiF) ceramics 5 BROMIDE ELIXIRS 3 BROMIDE ELIXIRS Lithium carbonate Prophylaxis and treatment Lithium hydroxide Absorbs carbon dioxide ________________ ________________ (Li2CO3) BN: _________, _________, of ____________________ (LiOH) Used as attractive choice ________________ ________________ __________ Last line therapy for ______ for space flight Lithia water (mineral water Lithium oxide Flux in ceramic glazes ________________ ________________ with Li2CO3 and LiCl) (Li2O) ________ ________________ Lithium chloride Flux in welding aluminum Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) Lubricant ________________ (LiCl) Desiccant for drying air __________, __________, Cosmetics – anticaking, steams __________ opacifying, binding agent Precipitates RNA from cellular extracts COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE C. SODIUM Sodium Acetate Antacid Sodium Chloride Electrolyte replenisher and vehicle (NaCH3COO 3H2O) ____________________ Diuretic, urinary and systemic (NaCl) ____________________ a. ______ = 0.9% NaCl AKA: ________ alkalizer (tx: _________________) b. _____________ = NaCl+KCl+CaCl2 in WFI Mass number: ________ Alkalinizing agent in ___________ ____________________ c. Lactated Ringer’s Solution (_________________) ___ most abundant ________ in the Earth’s crust reagent = NaCl+KCl+CaCl2+ Na lactate in WFI The most abundant ___________ cation Sodium Bicarbonate DOC for ___________________ d. _____________ = NaCl, KCl, Sodium Highly reactive with water - storage: ______________________ (NaHCO3) ____________________ important physiologic buffer; lactate systemic antacid; carbonating agent Oral Rehydration Salts, USP Cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicament Prolonged use can cause = Dry mixture of NaCl, KCl, dextrose, ______ - water soluble compounds NaHCO3 or sodium citrate ___________________ ______________________ - used with caution in cardiac and renal conditions ___________________ Preservative, condiment ________________ - hormone for Na+ regulation Sodium carbonate ________ - Soda ash (anhydrous; Antacid Sodium Citrate In vitro: _____________ - inactivation of Ca Forms insoluble salts w/ TRIPLE ACETATE (Na3C6H5O7) In vivo: ____________ - ↓coagulation time (Na2CO3) official prep in USP) Carbonating agent Buffer, diuretic, expectorant ______________ - Trona Use in the manufacture of lime glass ______________ - Sal soda, soda Component of ___________ reagent crystal, washing soda  COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Sodium Hypochlorite _______________ - Oxidizing agent, Bleaching agent COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Sodium dihydrogen Saline Laxative; (NaClO) contains 4-6% NaClO phosphate BN: _______________ Systemic and urinary acidifier _______________ - Sodium Tartrate Laxative, diuretic (NaH2PO4) Source of P in hypophosphatemia; contains 0.45-0.55% NaClO (Na2C4H4O6) Dihydrate form: Primary standard in Treatment of hypercalcemia _______________ - 50 ____________ Reagent (Method IA – When added with METHENAMINE = parts Dakin’s + 50 parts H2O Direct Titration) Converted to ___________________ in *KFR = Pyridine, Iodine, Methanol, SO2 Sodium Iodide Iodine ________ acidic medium - used for the treatment (NaI) Expectorant (Iodide ion) Sodium Thiocyanate Hypotensive agent of ________) *best expectorant: ____________ (NaSCN) *Natural remedy of cystitis : hair of ______ Sodium thiosulfate Tx for ____________ poisoning Sodium Nitrite Vasodilator Sodium Fluoride Anticariogenic at __% (NaNO2) Antidote for cyanide poisoning (Na2S2O3) ___________________ Reducing agent, antioxidant (NaF) Chronic ingestion = dental fluorosis __________ - reduces iodine Cyanide Kit: ____________, (mottled ________) ____________, ____________ Mgt for iodine poisoning Sodium Hydroxide Can cause _____________ Necrosis Sodium Nitrate ___________________ Meat preservative ( but carcinogenic Sodium Saccharin Artificial sweetener (300–400 times (NaOH) __________, __________, _____________: absorbs moisture and __________ sweeter than sugar) (NaNO3) due to formation of ____________) __________ dissolves/ liquefies ID test result: fluorescent green liquid Sodium Sulfate Saline cathartic Saponifying agent = _____ soap ________________ (Na2SO4 10H2O) D. POTASSIUM Glass Modification COMPOUND Potassium Acetate OTHER NAME USE Diuretic, systemic and urinary alkalizer, AKA: ________ (KCH3COO) antacid Mass number: ________ Potassium: gives a ________ and __________________ glass Potassium Bicarbonate Systemic antacid and alkalizer (HCO3-) The most abundant ___________ cation MnO2: masks the ________ color of glass (KHCO3) Diuretic (K+) Highest K content = ________ Boron/Borates: decreases the _________________________ of glass Electrolyte replenisher 2nd highest K content = ________ Lead: increases __________________ Carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Soluble K+ salts = ________ Oral Solution Potassium Bitartrate Occurs in acidulous fruits Pharmacologic Action Toxicity: __________ - can lead to cardiac (KHC4H4O6) _________________ ONLY ______________ K SALT Cardiac muscle contraction arrest Saline Laxative ↓K = muscle weakness and paralysis Deficiency: __________ - can lead to Ingredient in baking powder to raise dough Diuretic paralysis Potassium Bromide Depressant (former use) (KBr) Used in preparation for samples for: ______________ COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Potassium Carbonate _________________ Carbonating agent, Alkalinizing agent, Potassium Hydroxide _________________ Deliquescent, strong base COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE (K2CO3) _________________ Saponifying agent, Antacid (KOH) _________________ Saponifying agent for ______ soap Potassium sodium _________________ Cathartic _________________ Potassium Iodide Solubilizer of iodine: in ______ solution and _________________ Sequestering agent in __________ reagent tartrate Potassium Chlorate Deodorant and oxidizing agent (KI) ____________ Tincture (KNaC4H4O6) (Test for reducing sugars) - KNaC4H4O6 in (KClO3) Antiseptic, and astringent in toothpaste, Source of iodide in table salt for prevention NaOH mouthwash and gargle of goiter (1 part KI: 100,000 parts of salt) Sulfurated potash Mixture of K polysulfide and K thiosulfate Potassium Chloride Treatment for: DOC for cutaneous lymphatic _________________ Ingredient of ____________, USP (K2SX·K2S2O3) (KCl) BN: ________________ _________________, _________________ sporotrichosis (__________________) _________________ Sulfurated potash + Zinc sulfate = __________ _________________, _________________ Potassium Nitrate _________________ Meat preservative _________________ Used as astringent, protective, tx for Electrolyte replenisher – administered (KNO3) _________________ parasitic diseases of the skin and via _________________ Potassium Strong oxidizing agent psoriasis Lethal injection: _______________ permanganate _________________ Antiseptic Potassium Citrate Diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic, laxative (KMnO4) VS in permanganometry (K3C6H5O7)  E. RUBIDIUM F. CESIUM G. AMMONIUM Hypothetical alkali metal very similar in behavior to K+ ion The first element to be discovered by _________________ Conjugate acid of __________ from Latin word “caesius” – __________ produced by _________________ Rubidium chloride Catalyst in polymerization of resin Tested with __________________ Rubidium Chloride Rb 82 Injection, USP (Cardiogen®) - Deep yellow solution → (+) Result for presence of ammonia - Cardiac imaging (PET scan) for patients with _________________ Pharmacologic Action Diuretic Expectorant Buffer (maintain acid-base equilibrium of the body) COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Ammonium Acetate Buffer component, Mild diuretic, Ammonium iodide Expectorant, Antifungal (NH4CH3COO) __________________ Diaphoretic (NH4Cl) Ammonium Bromide Sedative, Central depressant Ammoniated Mildly antiseptic (NH4Br) Mercury _________________ Dusting powder – eczema and parasitic Ammonium _________________ Expectorant Antacid Respiratory (Hg(NH2)Cl) skin diseases carbonate _________________ stimulant 16o Ammonia _____________________ Contains __% NH3 III. GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS _________________ ((NH4)2CO3) _________________ Ingredient of _____________________ _________________ aka: Spirit of hartshorn, Spirit of Sal volatile Ammonium chloride _________________ Osmotic Diuretic, Expectorant, Systemic (NH4Cl) _________________ and Urinary acidifier _________________ GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS A. COPPPER A. COPPPER AKA: _______ Toxicity Occur in the free metallic state (easy to recover from ores by reduction) The Only _________ Metal _________________ - a genetic disorder IMPORTANT ALLOYS Not chemically active (they are low in the electromotive series) in which a person cannot excrete copper BRASS: Cu + Zn (60-82% : 18:20%) ___ best conductor of electricity hence it builds up in the body Form basic oxides and hydroxides ___ most malleable metal Manifestation: Kayser-Fleischer Rings - BRONZE: Cu + Zn + Sn (70-95% : 1-18% : 1-25%) Form complex ions copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane GUN METAL: Cu + Sn (90 : 10) Pharmacologic uses (cornea) STERLING: Cu + Ag (7.5-92.5%) Aids in absorption of iron Antidote: _________________ DEVARDA’S ALLOY: Cu + Al + Zn Emetic Deficiency Protein precipitant ________________ - kinky hair syndrome, steely hair syndrome) Astringent Inherited abnormality in copper Fungicide metabolism  COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Copper sulfate _________________ Component of: COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE pentahydrate _________________ Benedict’s reagent B. SILVER Ammoniated silver Dental protective - mixed with 10% (CuSO4·5H2O) _________________ Barfoed’s reagent AKA: _____________________ Toxicity nitrate _________________ formaldehyde or eugenol _________________ Fehling’s reagent (Ag(NH3)2NO3) Desensitizing agent ___ conductor of electricity _____________ _________________ Tx of phosphorus poisoning Silver iodide Germicide (obsolete) __________ Mixture (Calcium oxide + ___ most malleable and ductile metal Manifestation: darkening of skin (bluish) (AgI) Copper sulfate) – fungicide in vineyards _________________________ - Ability to inhibit growth of microbes Antidote: _________________ Silver nitrate _________________ 1% eye antiseptic for newborn babies with Copper acetoarsenite _________________ Insecticide (AgNO3) _________________ ____________________ (Cu(C2H3O2)·3Cu(AsO2)2 _________________ in small concentrations _________________ Tx for __________ _________________ _________________ Tx for _____________ in the mouth _________________ Pharmacologic uses Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at ____% Protein precipitant Cupric hydrogen _________________ It was used to color wallpaper but it was Silver sulfadiazine _______________ Antibacterial for burns (P. aeruginosa arsenite _________________ prohibited by law due to toxic effect of arsenic. Astringent - 1% cream infection) (AsCuHO3) Germicidal _______________ Cupric citrate _________________ Astringent - with 2.2% cerium ((Cu2C5H4O7)2·H2O) Mildly antiseptic – for Follicular nitrate conjunctivitis, Trachoma Silver Proteinates C. GOLD COMPOUND Aurothioglucose OTHER NAME USE Contains 50% gold by weight MILD SILVER STRONG SILVER COLLOIDAL SILVER BN: _______________ Administered _____ AKA: _____________________ Toxicity PROTEINATE PROTEINATE PROTEINATE Tx for gout and rheumatoid arthritis King of _________ _____________ Other name _______________ _______________ _______________ Gold sodium BN: _______________ Contains 50% gold by weight ___ best conductor of electricity Antidote: _________________ Ag content ______% ______% ______% thiomalate Administered _____ _____ malleable and ductile metal Tx for gout, RA, SLE Use Mild antiseptic for Antiseptic for ears, General Au+1 undergoes Dissolves in eyes nose, throat germicide __________________ to Au+3 Auranofin BN: _______________ Contains 28-29% gold by weight _________: 3 parts HCl + 1 part Tx of vaginitis (1-2%) (0.25%) Forms purple precipitate HNO3 Administered _____ Irrigation of the (______________________) when _____________: The only Tx for gout and rheumatoid arthritis urethra (0.5%) and treated with stannous chloride T.S. single acid that can dissolve ADR: Glossitis bladder (0.25%) gold GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS A. BERYLLIUM Aka: _________________ They are chemically active, does not occur in nature. Beryl is also known as ______________ Oxidation state: ___ MOST TOXIC METAL - can cause lung carcinoma and chronic granuloma Less basic than Group IA elements (replaces Ca and Mg in the body) Toxicity: _________________ IV. GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS Amphoteric (acts as base and acid) Occurs as simple salts and as berylates Bridge element = Resembles ___ USE: found in fluorescent light tubes/ lamps; an alloying agent for lightweight materials; used to make windows for X-ray tubes and in nuclear reactors  B. MAGNESIUM Identification Tests COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE __________ of all the structurally important metal REAGENT (+) RESULT Magnesium carbonate Non-systemic Antacid ___ most abundant element in the earth’s crust (MgCO3) _________________ Saline Laxative Mg Magneson Blue-lake color ___ most abundant _______________ Cation Magnesium hydroxide _________________ Antacid - USP requirement: 7 to 8.5% (p-nitrobenzene azo-resorcinol) Obtained by electrolysis of molten chloride in _________________ (Mg(OH)2) _________________ Mg(OH)2 Present in _______________ (Mg is used in plant pigment studies) Mg Diphenylcarbazide Violet red color Laxative Component of ______________________ (R-MgX) Mg salt w/ NHH4Cl Oxine Yellow ppt ADR: _____________ Antidote for toxicity: ___________________ Mg/Be Quinalizarin Blue ppt or Cornflower blue Magnesium oxide _________________ Long acting non-systemic antacid; Saline Pharmacologic Use coloration (MgO) _________________ laxative; urinary bladder irrigant (dissolves Laxative (PO) ↓ _________________ bladder calculi) Depressant + Br and H2O Component of Universal Antidote Natural Ca-channel blocker ↓ a. 1 part ______ General anesthetic action Mg color disappears b. 1 part _____________ c. 2 parts ____________________ COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Magnesium sulfate IM : Anticonvulsant (Tx for __________) C. CALCIUM Calcium bromide (CaBr2) IM : Anticonvulsant (Tx for __________) PO : Saline Laxative (MgSO4·7H2O) _________________ PO : Saline Laxative Topical (conc. Solution): anti inflammatory, ___ most abundant _______________ Cation Topical (conc. Solution): anti inflammatory, Antidote in _________ and ___________ From Latin word calx = _______ Antidote in _________ and ___________ toxicity Cation of choice to carry therapeutically active anions toxicity To reduce bitterness To reduce bitterness Refrigerate solution Vitamin D is important for Calcium absorption. Refrigerate solution Pharmacologic Action Dissolve in cold water Dissolve in cold water Clotting factor IV Vitamin D Deficiency Use of orange juice Use of orange juice Muscular contraction _______ - children Hydrated Magnesium _________________ “softest mineral known” _______________ - adults Calcium carbonate _________________ Antacid Release of neurotransmitters Silicate _________________ Clarifying agent, filtering agent, dusting (CaCO3) _________________ Ingredient of toothpastes and dentifrices Structural basis of bones and teeth Calcium Deficiency (Mg3(OH)2Si4O10) _________________ powder Osteoporosis Calcium chloride Systemic acidifier Capillary and cell membrane permeability _________________ (CaCl2 2H2O) _________________ Electrolyte Replenisher Hypocalcemia Magnesium citrate _________________ Saline laxative Calcium gluconate Electrolyte replenisher (PO, IM, IV) (MgC6H6O7) _________________ (CaC12H22O14) Calcium replenisher _________________ Antidote for ____ toxicity COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Calcium hydroxide _________________ Antacid (Ca(OH)2) _________________ Used in infant formula milk to prevent D. STRONTIUM COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE _____________ of milk Calcium hypochlorite _________________ Disinfectant Aka: ____________________ Strontium bromide Sedative (Ca(ClO)2) _________________ Bleaching agent (SrBr2) Kept under _________ Calcium lactate Calcium supplement Strontium chloride BN: ______________ Temperature desensitizing agent (CaC6H10O6) Use: ______________ (SrCl2) Radioactive strontium is used as ______________ Calcium oxide _________________ Component of ____________ mixture (algicide/ Strontium chloride For diagnosis of _______________ (CaO) _________________ fungicide) Strontium 89 injection BN: ______________ _______________ (brittle bone disease) Help relieve bone pain in bone cancer Calcium phosphate _________________ Antacid (Ca3(PO4)2) _________________ Source of Ca and P cases Calcium sulfate Hemihydrate Surgical casts (CaSO4·1/2 H2O): Dentifrices _________________ Dihydraye (CaSO4·2H2O): ______________ E. BARIUM F. RADIUM COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Aka: _________ Barium hydroxide ______________ CO2 absorbent for anesthesia machines, Discovered by _______________ from _______________ Use: ______________ (Ba(OH)2 8H2O) oxygen therapy and metabolic tests First radionuclide used in medicine Ore: Baryte [Ba(OH)2] Barium sulfate ______________ Radiopaque substance for ___________ Use: cancer radiotherapy, diagnostic purposes Toxicity: _________ - voice change (BaSO4) ______________ (Barium meal) Radioactive substance Antidote: ______________ S/E: _______________, ___________ Unit for RADIOACTIVITY - Old = Ci (Curie) - New SI unit = Beq (Becquerel) Unit for RADIOACTIVITY DAMAGE - Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man) GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS A. ZINC Ore: _________ (impure ZnS) Have relatively LOWER melting points Metal present in _________ and __________________ Some volatize at room temp 2nd most important trace mineral in the body – for wound healing, tissue repair, normal cell growth and reproduction Capable of ________________ Uses: Toxicity: _______________ V. GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS Astringent Antiseptic Antidote: NaHCO3; CBR (Complete Bed Rest) Antiperspirant Deficiency: _______________ Protectant Thick, inflamed scaly skin Containers of batteries and dry cells Stunted growth Protective covering of galvanized iron Impaired immune system, wound healing COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Identification Tests Zinc Eugenol Cement Dental protective, Dentrifice B. CADMIUM Zinc chloride ______________ Component of _____________________ (ZnCl2) - antiseptic, astringent Aka: ______________ REAGENT / TEST (+) RESULT Component of _______ reagent Use: manufacture of ______________ Rinmann’s Green Test Green (ZnCl2 + HCl) - used in test for alcohols Poisonous heavy metal = no current medical use + Dithizone Red (extracted with chloroform) Zinc oxide ______________ Component of ________________ Toxicity: _____________________ - affects bones and joints (ZnO) ______________ (ZnO + Salicylic acid + Starch) + SbCl3 Antimony black ______________ Mild antiseptic, Astringent, Topical Antidote: ______________ ______________ protectant, Physical sunblock Zinc sulfide ______________ Active component of white lotion (ZnS) ______________ Antiseptic, Protectant Lithopone: 70% _______ + 30% _______ Zinc sulfate ______________ Emetic, Astringent (ZnSO4·7H2O) Ingredient in white lotion Hydrated Zinc silicate ______________ Topical protectant, Anti-infective  C. MERCURY C. MERCURY Toxicity: COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Aka: ______________, ______________, ___________________, _________ ___________________ - due to contaminated water with ________________ Cadmium chloride Emetic Obtained from ______________ ___________________ - chronic inorganic mercury poisoning (CdCl2) Tx for _______ infections The only metal that is _______ in room temperature ___________________ - poisoning in children Cadmium sulfide ______________ Anti-seborrheic (Capsebon® - 1% susp.) Industrial Uses Antidote: (CdS) Manufacture of thermometers Best = ____________________________ Cadmium sulfate Ophthalmic antiseptic, topical astringent ______________ - no longer used as dental cement 2nd line: Penicillamine, BAL (CdSO4) rd line: DMSA/ Succimer Pharmacologic Uses If emergency: Egg Albumin = 1 egg white/ 250mg of ingested HgCl2 Tx for syphilis (obsolete) _________________ - Best removes Hg that falls to cracks COMPOUND OTHER NAME ______________ USE Cathartic, Antiseptic GROUP IIIA: ICOSAGENS Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2) +3 oxidation state Mercuric chloride ______________ Disinfectant Members give rise to an interesting series of double salt (_________) (HgCl2) They readily oxidize when heated in air but are stable at ordinary Mercuric Iodide ______________ Externally used as a stimulant for temperatures. (HgI2) indolent ulcer VI. GROUP IIIA: ICOSAGENS Mercurous Iodide ______________ Tx for syphilis (HgI) Mercuric Oxide ______________ Ophthalmic antiseptic (0.9% and 1.1%) (HgO) A. BORON COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE B. ALUMINUM Boric acid ______________ Buffer (2% ophthalmic solutions) weak ____ abundant metal in earth’s crust Aka: __________ (white) (H3BO3) acid ____ most abundant element ____ important element in pharmacy Bridge element = resembles ____ Antiseptic (topical anti-infective) Mineral source: __________ (impure Al2O3) Decreases ___________________________ of glass Tonicity adjusting agent Most important source: __________ (Na3AlF6) Used in vulcanizing rubber 2.5 – 4.5% eyewash Production: - ____________________: expensive Boric Acid Poisoning: _________________________ Sodium tetraborate ______________ Antiseptic - ____________________: economical (Na2B4O7·10H2O) Eyewash Wet dressing for wounds Pharmacologic Actions Toxicity: ______________ Ingredient in _________ Solution Astringent Antidote: ______________ (Na borate+NaHCO3+Phenol+Glycerol) Antiseptic Antiperspirant Tx for burns (thin aluminum foil)  COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE Aluminum chloride Astringent, Antiseptic, Deodorant Identification Tests (AlCl3) ALUMINUM SILICATES OTHER NAME USE Aluminum carbonate ______________ Tx of _________________ (PO4 in stools) Kaolin __________________ Adsorbent in diarrhea (Al2(CO3)3) ______________ REAGENT / TEST COMPOSITION Aluminum hydroxide ______________ Antacid ______________ Aluminon Tri-ammonium aurintricarboxylic acid (Al(OH)3) ______________ D/A: constipation; decrease PO4 absorption Bentonite __________________ ___% magma = suspending agent Thenard’s Blue Cobalt meta-aluminate Aluminum phosphate ______________ Antacid ______________ Ladd Paste 1/3 by weight Al powder + ZnO ointment + (AlPO4) does not interfere with phosphate ______________ **liquid petrolatum absorption ______________ Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ______________ Tx for ____________ - resembles TB Pumice Substance of volcanic origin symptoms Dental abrasive Potassium Alum ______________ Astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, styptic Aluminum Subacetate Excipient for Aluminum Acetate Topical Topical Solution, USP Solution (_________________ aka ______________) C. GALLIUM D. THALLIUM AKA: _______________ AKA: ___________ ___ lowest melting point (1st = Hg) Rodenticide, insecticide, depilatory Melts at ____oC Toxic and adsorbed from the intestine and through the skin from topical Radioactive isotope used as diagnostic aids products Toxicity: ___________ and ___________ VII. GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM SUBGROUP Antidote: ___________ / ___________ GROUP IIIB GROUP IVA: CRYSTALLOGENS Members: Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y), Lanthanum (La), Actinium (Ac) and the Elements may exist in +2 and +4 oxidation states Lanthanide or Actinide series Oxides of C and Si are acidic; Ge, Sn and Pb are amphoteric CERIUM Variation in metallic properties within the group: Lanthanide, most abundant of the rare earth elements - C and Si = nonmetallic Ceric Sulfate (Ce(SO4)2) - chemical reagent in volumetric analysis (primary VIII. GROUP IVA: CRYSTALLOGENS - Ge = metalloid titrant in Redox Titration) - Sn and Pb = metallic GADOLINIUM Lanthanide Therapeutic use: MRI contrast agent for visualization of intracranial lesions A. CARBON COMPOUND USE NOTES The king _______________ A. CARBON Activated Charcoal Component of Universal Antidote Free from gritty material Finely powdered form is used as an Insoluble Mass number: ___ adsorbent in the tx of stomach and Other forms: intestinal disorders Valence: ___ Coke _______________ - ability to form multiple bonds with itself Carbides Used to hasten fruit ripening Aka ___________ - Impure form (CaC2) Allotropes - Coal heated w/o air Carbon dioxide Tx of ______________________ Aka ________________ Crystalline - Reducing agent in metallurgy (CO2) Most potent __________________ Container: ___________ a. _____________ - the purest native form of uncombined carbon; hardest known Lampblack Provides an inert atmosphere for Solid form: ___________ - tx of acne, mineral (10 on Mohs scale); good conductor of heat Charcoal easily oxidizable medicinal agents corns, calluses, warts b. _____________ - good conductor of electricity; found in lead pencils Marsh gas (Methane) Carbon monoxide (CO) Toxic gas (can cause hypoxia – colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Amorphous manifests as bright red skin) Major source: ___________________ Treatment: a. _____________ - soft coal - 100% oxygen b. _____________ - hard coal - Artificial air (___% He: ___% O) - Hyperbaric oxygen - 5% CO2 + Oxygen B. SILICON COMPOUND OTHER NAME USE C. GERMANIUM Silicon dioxide ______________ Adsorbent, Clarifying agent, Filtering aid (SiO2) ___ most abundant element in earth’s crust AKA: _______________ Does not occur in free state but as inert silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silica Simethicone ______________ It is a polymer of Dimethylsiloxane Possesses immune system enhancing and anti-tumor effect. Pharmaceutical use: ______________ Toxicity: _____________ - condition resembling TB in symptoms that Used to increase RBC formation to treat anemia develops after long exposure / inhalation of