Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells Lecture.pdf

Introduction to Eukaryotic cells Dr Fatemeh Moheimani (Pharm-D, MSc, PhD) Week 1 – Cell Biology SCI1023-N-GJ1-2021 24/01/2022 Learning Outcomes Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells The fundamental similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Overview...

Introduction to Eukaryotic cells Dr Fatemeh Moheimani (Pharm-D, MSc, PhD) Week 1 – Cell Biology SCI1023-N-GJ1-2021 24/01/2022 Learning Outcomes Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells The fundamental similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Overview Cells Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells The fundamental similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Cells The cell is a structural and functional unit of all the living organisms. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, with their own specialised functions. The term cell was first invented by Robert Hook in 1965. The cell is made up of water about two third of a cell, and rest is a mixture of molecules (protein, lipids, carbohydrates). Cells covert the raw materials in the food into the molecules our body needs, using thousands of different metabolic reactions. Cell diversity Cell type diversity refers to the range of different cell types that comprise a tissue or organism. Cellular diversity is important when building complex organisms such as the human body because diversity, or variation allows the cells to be better adapted. Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells comprise bacteria and archaea. They typically have a diameter of 0.1–5 μm Their DNA is not contained within a nucleus instead, their DNA is circular and can be found in a region called the nucleoid, which floats in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells Outer rigid cell wall Inner lipid cell membrane Pili / flagella structures to allow movement Embedded transport proteins in membrane allow passage of material into and out of cell Interior cytoplasm (fluid-like) material DNA contained in a single, closed circular loop Free floating ribosomes Free floating plasmid DNA Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter. Their DNA is contained within a membrane- bound nucleus. Eukaryotes are organisms containing eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells Some have outer rigid cell wall (e.g. Plant cells) Inner lipid cell membrane Cytoplasm contains cytoskeleton to give structure Highly organised: contain sub-cellular organelles with specific functions Mitochondria/ chloroplasts Rough / smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes Golgi body DNA is contained within a membrane bound nucleus. Plant cells Animal cells A comparison of plant and animal cells shows that even though eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles that carry out many similar functions, they are not all the same. Plant cells Animal cells Plant cells are specialized to make their own Animal cells use glucose from the animal’s glucose using photosynthesis. food to carry out cellular respiration. The plant cell’s chloroplasts are key to this process of using light to create food. supported by a cytoskeleton and plasma supported by a cytoskeleton and plasma membrane membrane plant cells have a supportive cell wall, which is not present in animal cells use numerous small vesicles to contain use numerous small vesicles to contain waste, waste, transport materials, and perform many transport materials, and perform many other other functions. functions. Video: PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES- How cells are different? https://youtu.be/yBfGRqVbJjk prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell Similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell Similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Composed of cells Contain DNA as a heritable genetic material Have cytoplasm Can reproduce Transcribe DNA into RNA Translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes Regulate transport across a cell membrane Require chemical energy Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Summary Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells The fundamental similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Thank you!