General Biology 1 - Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 Prokaryotic Cells - Combination of 2 Greek terms: - The Greek term “pro” means “before” and karyon means...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 Prokaryotic Cells - Combination of 2 Greek terms: - The Greek term “pro” means “before” and karyon means Eu meaning “true” “kernel” referring to the nucleus. Karyon meaning “nucleus” - They have no nucleus and their genetic material. Eukaryote means “true - Single-celled kernel” or “true nucleus” TWO DOMAINS OF ORGANISM FOUR KINGDOM: COMPRISE PROKARYOTES: plantae, animalia, fungi, and bacteria and archaea. protista kingdom. Bacteria - make up most of the prokaryotes. FEATURE PROKARYOT EUKARYO IC CELLS TIC CELLS Archaea - found in extreme environments such as hot springs or near volcanoes. Definition Single-cell Complex The difference between bacteria organisms, no organisms nucleus with and archaea is their type of cell nucleus. wall. Examples Bacteria, Animals, Extremophiles - extreme environments archaea plants, fungi Endoplasmi Absent. Present, Tardigrades c Reticulum Simpler crucial for - can survive in space. protein protein - Also called a “water bear”. synthesis synthesis. - Can stand a temperature of absolute 0. Mitocondria Absent, Present, - Aquatic animal energy powerhouse produced in of the cell - Can live in extremophiles cytoplasm Lazaro Splazzani coined Cytoplasm Present, site Present, tardigrades “slow stepper” of metabolic holds processes organelles EXTREMOPHILES TYPES: in place. Plasmids Present, small Rare, Thermophiles - very hot environments. circular DNA except in fungi and Halophiles - very salty conditions, like the plants. Great Salt Lake. Nucleus Absent, DNA Present, floats freely contains Eukaryotic Cells and protects - The oldest fossil evidence of DNA eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old. Organelles Few, simpler Many, - multi-celled structure specialized Made by: Paulina Deline  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 - closely -joined cells with functions tight junctions. DNA Single, multiple, , - Serves as barriers for structure circular linear pathogens. chromosomes chromosom es CELLS THAT MAKE UP EPITHETICAL Ribosomes 70S, smaller 80S, larger TISSUES HAVE DISTINCT ARRANGEMENTS Locomotion Simpler Complex flagella, direct flagella, cilia a. Cuboidal movement for - For secretion. movement. - production and release of substance and gland. SIMILARITIES OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS b. Columnar - brick-shaped cells for secretion and absorption. ➔ Both cells have ribosomes that influence the process of protein c. Simple Squamous - plate-like synthesis. cells for exchange of material ➔ DNA exists that relates to genes. through diffusion. ➔ There are twenty standard amino acids. d. Stratified Squamous - ➔ Process of photosynthesis is multi-layered and regenerates similar in both; a photosynthetic quickly for protection. prokaryote has unfolded regions of the plasma membrane that e. Seudo-stratified columnar - function like thylakoids. Although single layer cell. these are not contained in an organelle, such as a chloroplast, all 2. Connective Tissue of the necessary components are a. Blood present to carry out - made up of plasma photosynthesis. - Contains water, salts, and ➔ Genetic code is identical in both. dissolve proteins, ➔ Contain lipid bilayers. Theres erythrocytes. lipid bilayers are primarily a configuration of proteins and Leukocytes - for defense phospholipids. Red Blood Cell (RBC) - carries oxygen CELL TISSUES animal tissue While Blood Cell (WBC) - for platelets for blood 4 MAIN TYPES clotting. 1. Epithetical Tissue - Commonly seen outside as Types of WBC coverings or as linings of 01. Neutrophils organs and cavities. - respond to bacteria and viruses. Made by: Paulina Deline  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 02. Eosinophils central canal surrounded by - are known for their concentric circles of osteon. role in allergy symptoms. 03. Basophils 3. Muscle Tissue - known for their role - It is a compound of long cells in asthma. called “muscle fibers” that allows 04. Lymphocytes the body to be voluntary or - fight infections by involuntary. producing antibodies. - Gives muscle the ability to contract. 05. Monocytes - Opposed to other components, or - Clean up dead cells. tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium. b. Connective Tissue Proper (CTP) - Made up of loose connective tissue VOLUNTARY that is found in the skin and fibrous - Muscles you can control connective tissue that is made up consciously. of collagenous fiber, found in tendons and ligaments. INVOLUNTARY - Muscles that separate Adipose Tissue - are automatically with examples of loose connective conscious central. tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the Myogenes body and store energy. - It is formed during embryonic development Tendons: muscle to bone through a process known Ligaments: bone to muscle as myogene. Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells c. Cartilage that are called muscle - characterized by collagenous fibers. This tissue is fibers embedded in a chondroitin responsible for movement sulfate. in our body. Chondrocytes - cells that IN VERTEBRATES THESE MUSCLES secrete collagen and CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO THE chondroitin sulfate. FOLLOWING: d. Bone ❖ Skeletal Muscle - Mineralized connective tissue - Voluntary moves by bone-forming cells called - Usually attached to a osteoblasts. skeleton. - Fibers; striated, and Osteoblasts - deposits unchanged. collagen blood vessels and - Usually covering the hall of nerves to be found at a interpretation. Made by: Paulina Deline  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 ❖ Smooth Muscle 2. Permanent Tissue - Fibers: non-striated - Specialized in function and do not - Spindle-shaped and divide constantly. unchanged - Differentiation of cells begins as - Involuntary soon as cells have been formed by - Usually covering the wall of cell division. internal organs. TYPES OF PERMANENT TISSUE ❖ Cardiac Muscle - Fibers’ striated, branched ★ Epidermal Tissue and uninucleated. - Outermost layer of cells - Involuntary that covers the roots, - Only covering walls of the stems, and leaves. heart. a. Guarded cell 4. Nervous tissue - composed of nerve - Bean-like shaped cells called neurons and illegal glia cells epidermal cells that that function as support cells. occur either side of a stoma. plant tissue Stoma - opening 1. Meristematic Tissue that occurs on the - Actively dividing to surface of a leaf. produce new cells. - Consists of undifferentiated b. Hair cells small cells. - Formed by an - Found in the meristems of extension of the cell plants. wall. - Maximize water and a. Apical meristem nutrients intake. - Located at ★ Vascular Tissue the growing - Functions to transport and points at the support. tips. - It is for the 3. Ground Tissue length. - Type of tissue that forms the body of the plant and is responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis. b. Lateral meristem - For the THREE TYPES OF GROUND TISSUE: width. - The growth A. Parenchyma - thin-walled and in thickness. alive at maturity is often - This tissue is multifaceted. also called B. Collenchyma - thick-walled and cambium. alive at maturity. Made by: Paulina Deline  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 FIRST QUARTER |11 - STEM 7 C. Sclerenchyma - thick-walled and dead at maturity. Made by: Paulina Deline