Introduction to Computing Hardware, Software & Peopleware PDF

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1 Topics to be discussed Introduction to computer Characteristics of computers Evolution of computer systems Capabilities and limitations of computer system 2 Data Processing The activity of...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1 Topics to be discussed Introduction to computer Characteristics of computers Evolution of computer systems Capabilities and limitations of computer system 2 Data Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing 3 What is Computer? The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate” Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired 4 Characteristics of Computers Automatic Speed Accuracy Diligence Versatility Remembrance Power No I. Q No Feelings 5 Automatic Done without thinking or human interventions Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions 6 Speed A very fast device Perform operation with high speed Usually measured in Microseconds (10-6) Nanoseconds (10-9) Picoseconds (10-12) The amount of work that a man can do in an entire year, computer perform that work in seconds even in milliseconds. 7 Accuracy computer is basically made for two main reasons Speed Accuracy The degree of accuracy of computer depends on its design each and every calculation or task is performed with the same accuracy. Note: Errors may occur in computers, but these are man made errors rather than technological weakness, that is imprecise thinking by a programmer 8 Diligence Computer is free from Boredness, Tiredness Lack of concentration. It can work for hours without creating any error and without any complain. Computer has a little edge over in doing routine type of jobs that require great accuracy. If ten million calculations have to be performed, a computer will perform the last one with exactly the same accuracy and speed as the first one. 9 Versatility Computer is a versatile device. It can adapt itself in any condition or situation. One moment, it is preparing the results of particular examination, the next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills. So, a computer is capable of performing any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps. We can do variety of work in computer. It just requires the particular software to perform required work. 10 Remembrance Power Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so. 11 No I.Q I.Q stands for Intelligence Quotient. As computer is a machine which does not have intelligence of its own. Computer perform the tasks that is fed to it. So therefore, it cannot take its own decisions. It is not like human beings who possess thinking capability. GOD gifted the thinking capability to human while human trying to gift the thinking capability to computer. As now-a-days programmers are trying to make computer an intelligent machine. Programmers are programming artificial intelligence in computers using different languages. 12 No Feelings Computer is a machine due to which it is lacking emotions and feelings. Although men have succeeded in building a memory for the computer, but no computer possesses the equivalent of a human heart and soul. Based on our feelings, taste, knowledge, and experience, we often make certain judgements in our day to day life. But computers can not make such judgements on their own. Their judgments is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us. They are only as good as man makes and uses them. As computers have no feelings they work for us day and night without any difficulty. 13 Evolution of computer systems People were searching for fast and accurate calculating device, as a result computer came into being. There are several researchers and scientists who played a key role in the evolution of computer systems. First mechanical adding machine was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz of Germany invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671. Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 Around the same period, Herman Hollerith came up with concept of punched cards that computers used extensively as input medium even in late 1970s. Business machines and calculators made their appearance in Europe and America towards the end of the 19th Century. 14 Evolution of computer systems Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer 15 Some well known Early computers 16 Capabilities of Computer System They are important pieces of equipment and they help man in so many ways. Many people depend so much on computers. They use computers to do their work, to have fun to keep in touch with their loved ones to store important documents and so on. Because computers are capable of doing so many things. The following are the capabilities of a computer. 17 Capabilities of computer systems The computer processes information very fast. The computer gives accurate results. Some scientists use the computer in their experiments. The needed data for their experiments are processed in the computer. They can get almost perfect and more accurate results through it. The computer stores large amount of data and information. The computer enables one to restore or bring back any of his works. It is automatics. The computer can do two things at the same time. The computer can be improved and upgraded. 18 Limitation of Computer Systems The computer is not a perfect machine. Thus, it has its own limitations, like the following: The computer can only do what you tell it to do. It cannot generate information on its own. The computer will give you wrong information if you feed it with wrong data. The computer cannot correct wrong instruction. Depends on user 19 COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE What is hardware? ⚫ HARDWARE IS THE PHYSICAL COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM. IT REFERS TO THE ELECTRICAL PARTS AND DEVICES THAT MAKE UP A COMPUTER. ⚫ Generally, hardware is categorized according to the five basic operation ⚫ it performance: Input devices (we use to send data to computer processor/memory) ⚫ Processors (fetch, decode and execute data into information) ⚫ memory (it holds data/instructions that CPU needs) ⚫ Output devices (display information/results) ⚫ Secondary storage devices (Store data/information for later use) PROCESSOR ⚫ THE DEVICE THAT INTERPRETS AND EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS. ⚫ It is called the brain of the computer, ⚫ The faster the speed of the processor, the faster the execution of instructions. Processors It is a semi-conductor device It contains the complete CPU (Central Processing Unit) in a single chip It performs Arithmetic and logical functions Types of processors Slot type processor Socket type processor Processor Manufacturers Intel AMD(Advanced Micro Devices) VIA Motorola Intel Pentium IV , Core 2 Duo Pentium IV Core 2 duo Core2 Extreme Quad-Core & Core i7 Hardware components are Further divided into three groups. ⚫ 1. Input Devices ⚫ 2. Output Devices ⚫ 3. System Unit Hardware components ⚫An input device lets you communicate with a computer. You can use input devices to enter information and issue commands. ⚫An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies, or generates sound. ⚫The system unit is the part of the computer that is responsible for accepting and processing the data brought in by the input devices Input / Output Devices  INPUT DEVICES KEYBOARD A standard input device of most computers used to type data into the computer  Joystick Mouse is an input device which is a hand- clicked is commonly used for device used for computer games pointing and moving objects  LIGHT PEN Track Ball a device used to draw, basically an upside write, or issue commands when it touches a specially down mouse designed screen SCANNER ⚫ A scanner allows you to scan documents ,pictures , or graphics and view them on the computer Microphone Used to input sound into a computer OUTPUT DEVICES ⚫ Printers an output device that produces text and graphics on paper Monitor The monitor is used to provide soft copy output. Speaker Play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card. Projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface SYSTEM UNIT  Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also known as the mainboard or system board Input / Output (I/O) PORTS AUDIO PORTS SERIAL PORT MOUSE RJ-45 KEYBOARD VGA PORT USB PORTS Back panel connectors: PS/2(Personal System v2): Used to connect keyboard and mouse USB(Universal Serial Bus): Used to connect various USB enabled devices (Webcam,Pendrive,External Hard disk ,Modems,etc) VGA (Visual Graphic Adapter)(15-pin female): Used to connect display devices like LCD,monitor,projector etc  Back panel connectors: Serial port(9-pin male): Used to connect PC to modems Also called as Com port LAN Port : Used to connect PC to the Local Area Networks. Chipsets NORTH BRIDGE: – It controls the processor and RAM (high speed devices) – It is placed nearer to the processor – It also contains graphic processor – It is also called as GMCH (Graphic Memory Controller Hub) SOUTH BRIDGE : – It controls low speed devices like I/O ports, slots etc – It is placed nearer to the slots – It is also called as IOCH (Input Output Controller Hub)  IDE and SATA Connectors IDE and SATA connectors are used to connect Hard Disk, CD- ROM, DVD-ROM etc IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)/Enhanced IDE IDE/EIDE cables are used to connect the devices to the connector SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) SATA cables are used to connect the devices to the SATA ports CMOS Battery Battery which powers this memory is called as CMOS Battery Hard Disk Uses magnetic media for storing data Non-volatile permanent storage device Mass storage devices Interfaces used – SATA  Hard-Disk Drive is a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk IDE stands for Integrated Device Electronics. is a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard and the computer's disk storage devices IDE Hard-disk Connectors SATA Hard Disk Connectors Measure hard disk size Bit: A Bit is a value of either 0 or 1. Byte : 1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 Kilobyte (kB) = 1,024 Bytes Megabyte (MB) 1MB =1024 KB Gigabyte (GB) 1GB = 1024 MB Terabyte (TB) 1TB = 1024 GB Petabyte (PB) 1PB = 1024 TB Exabyte (EB) 1EB = 1024 ZB Storing Data on a Hard-Disk Bits are recorded as positive and negative polarity on magnetic media What is memory? ⚫ In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data. i.e. Text, Images, Videos, etc. ⚫ Computer memory is the storage space in the computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. ⚫ Memory is of three types ⚫ Cache Memory ⚫ Primary Memory/Main Memory ⚫ Secondary Memory Memory The memory in a computer system is of two fundamental types: The main/primary memory and the secondary memory. PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY RAM ROM RAM(Random Access Memory) Primary storage for the CPU. Integrated circuits (chips) are used to temporarily store programs, instructions, and data. It is a volatile memory (requires power to store the data). where stored information is lost if a computer is turned off. Types of Dynamic-Ram SD-RAM(Synchronous dynamic) DDR-RAMS(Double data rate) 168 pins. 184 pins. DDR2-RAMS(Double data rate) DDR3-RAMS(Double data rate) 240 pins 240 pins. Read Only Memory (ROM) ⚫ The other major function of the BIOS is to identify the boot device (CD-ROM, floppy disk, or hard disk) and transfer the operating system code to RAM. ⚫ It contains information about its hardware devices. ⚫ It is faster BIOS (Basic input output system) During the boot up it performs POST(Power On Self Test) Recognizes the hardware devices Locates and loads the operating system It helps the operating system to access the hardware devices Bios chip Floppy Disk Drive CD/DVD Drive Used to store and is a device that reads retrieve information information stored on a on a floppy disk. compact disc, it is a storage device that use laser technology to read data from optical disks CD/DVD Surface In CD or DVD data is stored in the form of lands and pits Land can reflect laser beam and pit will absorb the laser beam While reading data if the light emitted by laser is reflected then it is treated as binary ‘1’ and if laser beam is not reflected then it is treated as binary ‘0’ Pit Land  Video Card Sound Card enhance the computer sound- is a board that is plugged into generating capabilities by a computer to give it display allowing sound to be output capabilities through speakers. Modem A modem is a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers. Power Supply it supplies power from the power supply to the drive. The power cables are red, yellow and black. The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power, the red wire furnishes 5 volts of power, and the two black wires are ground wires. Computer Software  Computer Software? Software Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically is Software. Examples:- Ms word, excel, power point, spread sheets, library management system etc. Types of Software System Software Application Software  System Software The System Software consist of the Operating System and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. System software actually controls the hardware so that application software can perform any action or task. Example: Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter and etc  Types of System Software Operating System Utilities Device Drivers Language Translators Application Software: Application Software includes programs that do real work for user. Example: Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database Management System etc., Application Software Actually, the application software consists of programs that are designed to make users more comfortable or productive to assist personal tasks The application software is present on computer’s hard disk Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices F o r m Of Application Software Package software A software which is sold in a bundle due to similar function of programs. Example o Microsoft office, windows Cd Custom Software This is software which is specially made for an organization as per their requirement. Example I. Attendance system II. Security code system.  Web Application A web application is any application that uses a web browser. Example I. Google docs II. Drop Box Open source software Open source software is made available to every one and can be change, modify and distribute to public without any notification. Example I. Linux II. Wordpress Free ware Free ware is the software that is freely available to public but author has a copy right, means that you can only use it ,not sell it. Example I. Antivirus SHARE W A R E Share ware is actually delivered free of charge but some time the owner ask for money to get registered ,so that they can send updates in future. It can be copied but cannot be sold. Example I. Microsoft office Public domain software Public domain software is totally free and it is not copyrighted plus it have no restriction Example I. SQlite  System Software In System software programs are designed to operate, control and enhances the processing capabilities of the computer System software is developed by computer manufacturer in low level language It also helps hardware components to work together and provide support for the development and execution of the application software Programs which are included in system software package are known as system programs and the programmers who develop those programs are known as system programmer Types of System Software Operating System An operating system is software which manages computer hardware and software resources. It also provides common services to computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs are dependent on operating system to function  Utilities Utilities software is system software which is manufactured to help ,analyze, configure, optimize or to maintain a computer. It also helps in maintenance and problem solving of a computer. Common types of utility programs Hardware utilities Virus-detection and recovery utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities Backup Uninstall Device Drivers Device driver is actually a communication device between device and computer It loads every time in memory When a new device is added the driver should be installed in order to run the program PEOPLEWARE  Peopleware is a term used to refer to one of the three core aspects of computer technology, the other two being hardware and software. Peopleware can refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems. EXAMPLES OF PEOPLEWARE  1.Computer Engineers 2.Software Designers 3.Assemblers 4.Technicians 5.Software Engineers 6.Server Administrator FAMOUS PEOPLWARE CHARLES BABBAGE “FATHER OF THE COMPUTER”  ALAN TURING “FATHER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”  PHILIP DON ESTRIDGE “FATHER OF IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER”  LAWRENCE "LARRY" PAGE THE SEARCH ENGINE “GOOGLE” TIMOTHY JOHN "TIM" BERNERS-LEE THE WORLD WIDE WEB