Introduction to Computers PDF

Introduction to Computers  Course Aims and Objectives Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Understand and state the importance of computer literacy. 2. Identify and explain what computers are and how they work, including the computer hardware component...

Introduction to Computers  Course Aims and Objectives Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Understand and state the importance of computer literacy. 2. Identify and explain what computers are and how they work, including the computer hardware components and their specifications and types. 3. Understand and use the binary system. 4. Understand system and application software with examples. 5. Understand the main issues of data communications and computer networks. 6. Describe the impact that computers are having on our society Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 2  Text Book Understand Computers – Today and Tomorrow – 16th Edition (2016) Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Lecture 1 Introduction to the World of Computers Reference :Understanding Computers Chapter 1 Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Learning Objectives Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today and discuss several ways computers are integrated into our business and personal lives. Define a computer and describe its primary operations. List some important milestones in computer evolution. Identify the major parts of a personal computer, including input, processing, output, storage, and communications hardware. Define software and understand how it is used to instruct the computer what to do. List the five basic types of computers, giving at least one example of each type of computer and stating what that computer might be used for. 5 Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? Why do you need basic computer literacy? List all the ways we use computers in our lives.. Looking up information and news Exchanging e-mail … Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 6 Computers Then and Now  Computers Then and Now The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention Precomputers and early computers (before 1946) – Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator – Punch Card Tabulating Machine The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations Each new generation is characterized by a major technological development Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 88  Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957) – Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes – Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat Transistor Second-generation computers (1958-1963) – Used transistors – Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable – Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 9  Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (1964-1970) I.C. – Used integrated circuits (ICs) – Keyboards and monitors introduced Fourth-generation computers (1971-present) – Invention of Microcomputers in the early 80s – Use microprocessors – IBM PC, Apple Macintosh – Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers – Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage – Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 10  Computers Then and Now Fifth-generation (now and the future) – Infancy stage – No precise classification – May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) – Voice and gesture – Based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 11  Evolution of Computing No PCs Computers introduced! 1960s 2003 1950 mid- Very 1970s expensive Powerful PCs computers on every for large desktop. companies. Homes Computer networked. professionals ran the show. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computers Then and Now Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 13 Why Use Computers?  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?  Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed  Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform  5 Basic Computer operations  Input: Entering data into the computer  Processing: Performing operations on the data  Output: Presenting the results (information)  Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use  Communications: Sending or receiving data Information is processed Lec#1:Introduction data….. to the World of computers 15  What Can Computers Do? Input/Output operations – Reads input – Writes output Processing operations – Math (computation) – Decision making (logic) Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 17  Why Use Computers? Speed Accuracy Consistency Reliability Communications Memory Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers Data Representation  Data vs. Information O I U N T P P U U T T P Data R Information O C E S S Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Hierarchy of Data Organization Bit: on/off switch Character: same as a byte – 8 bits Field: group of related characters Record: group of related fields File: group of related records Database: group of related files Data provide the fuel for the computer system. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Hierarchy of Data Diagram Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Using Computers Personal Computing Information Systems Word Processing Hardware Spreadsheets Software Database People Graphics/Presentation Procedures Desktop Publishing Data Communications PIM Communication Education & Reference Entertainment & Edutainment Science, Research & Engineering Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers Computers to Fit Every Need  Computers to Fit Every Need Computing Power is the key! Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: – Embedded computers – Mobile devices – Personal computers – Midrange servers – Mainframe computers – Supercomputers Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 26  Category 1: Embedded Computers Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into: – Household appliances – Thermostats – Sewing machines – Cars Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 27  Category 2: Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples: – Smartphones – Handheld gaming devices – Portable digital media players Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 28  Wearable PCs Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Handheld Computers Palmtop PC Personal digital assistants (PDAs) Pen-based computers (UPS) Connected organizers Personal communicators Mobile business centers Web phones Radio Frequency devices (warehouses) Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs) Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk – Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one – Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh – Not designed to be portable Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 31  Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs)….. Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers Convertible Tablet  Category 4: Midrange Servers Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network – Users connect via a network with a computer or dumb terminal Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 33  Category 5: Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data – Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices – Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network – Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers – Usually operate 24 hours a day – Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 34  Category 6: Supercomputers Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer – Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible – Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster – Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 35  Category 6: Supercomputers Processor-bound applications 100 times faster than typical server Used for – Scientific simulations and forecasting – Medicine – Advanced graphics Supercomputers Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Quick Quiz 1. True or False: Microcomputers were invented in the early 80’s? 2. True or False: The computer performs 4 basic operations, input, processing, output, and storage 3. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the largest, most powerful computers. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 37 Computer Hardware  Computer Hardware Computer System Components Peripherals INPUT STORAGE PROCESS OUTPUT RAM Hardcopy Chips Softcopy Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Desktop PCs Configuration – Motherboard – Keyboard – Point-and-draw device – Monitor – Printer – Hard disk – Floppy disk drive – Optical disk drive – Microphone – Speakers Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computer Hardware Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computer Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer – External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection – There is hardware associated with all five computer operations Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 42  Computer Hardware Input devices – Used to input data into the computer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing devices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output devices – Present results to the user – Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 43  Computer Hardware Storage devices – Used to store data on or access data from storage media – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications devices – Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information – Modems, network adapters, etc. Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 44  Quick Quiz 1. A tablet PC is an example of a(n) _____________. a. Desktop computer b. Portable PC c. Internet appliance 2. Speakers are an example of a(n) _____________ device. 3. True or False: A smartphone is an example of a mobile device Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 45 Computer Software  Computer Software Programs Application System Software Software Manage, Performsmaintain specific & control task for user system resources Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Computer Software System Software – The Operating System – Support/Service Software Application Software – Allow users to perform their specific tasks – Ready-Made Software – Write your own software application programs!!! – What do you need to know? Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 48 Computer Networks  Computer Hardware Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Going Online Internet (the Net) Internet Service Provider (ISP) Information Service (like AOL) Modems Online/Offline Download/Upload Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Internet Services E-mail Chat Videophone Ftp Newsgroups World Wide Web Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  How Thin Clients Differ From PCs Smaller processor Less RAM No hard disk Less expensive Depends on server Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers  Client/Server Computing Server – PC to Supercomputer – Data storage and applications software Client – PC, workstation or thin client – Requests processing or support from server Applications Software – Front-end (client) – Back-end (server) Enterprise-wide Systems Proxy server computer Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers Fields of Study  AI Fields Intelligent Systems – Conventional Systems – Machine Learning – Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) – Deep Learning Data Science Software – Big Data – Data processing/Distributed Data – Data Visualization – Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) – Shallow/Deep Learning – Internet Of Things (IOT) Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 56  Computer Science Fields Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 57  Computer Science Fields Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers 58  Review Define COMPUTER What are the 6 categories of computers What are the 5 basic operations What is hardware? What hardware comprises: – Input devices – Processing devices – Output Devices – Storage devices – Communication devices? What Software comprises: – SystemApplication Software Lec#1:Introduction to the World of computers