Introduction to Computing (CC100) PDF

BASICS OF COMPUTER Marcelino S. Cerin III, Rhoel Anthony G. Torres, Johanna Mae Vasquez, Ellen Joy Reyes, Christian Pena TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.......................................................................................................................

BASICS OF COMPUTER Marcelino S. Cerin III, Rhoel Anthony G. Torres, Johanna Mae Vasquez, Ellen Joy Reyes, Christian Pena TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................................................................................................................i GENERATIONS OF MODERN COMPUTER..............................................................i First Generation.............................................................................................. ii Second Generation......................................................................................... iii Third Generation............................................................................................ iii Fourth Generation.......................................................................................... iv Fifth Generation............................................................................................. iv DIGITAL REVOLUTION............................................................................................ v Phases of Digital Revolution.......................................................................... v Data processing............................................................................................ v Network Computing...................................................................................... vi Cloud computing.......................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 ALL ABOUT COMPUTER What Is a Computer?..................................................................................... 1 Data and Information.................................................................................... 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER................................................................ 1 Categories of Computers............................................................................... 3 Personal Computers.............................................................................. 3 Desktop Computer................................................................................ 4  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices................................................ 4 Notebook Computers............................................................................ 4 Tablet PC’s............................................................................................ 5 Mobile Devices...................................................................................... 5 Smart Phones and PDAs....................................................................... 6 E-Book Readers.................................................................................... 7 Handheld Computers........................................................................... 7 Portable Media Players........................................................................ 8 Digital Cameras.................................................................................... 8 Game Consoles...................................................................................... 8 Mainframe Computers.......................................................................... 9 Supercomputers.................................................................................... 9 Embedded Computers.......................................................................... 10 The basic function of a computer.................................................................. 10 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER................................................................... 11. HARDWARE.......................................................................................... 12 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT........................................................... 12 COMPUTER PERIPHERALS.............................................................. 13 INPUT DEVICES.................................................................... 13  OUTPUT DEVICES................................................................ 20 STORAGE DEVICES............................................................... 23 Internal Component........................................................................ 30 Chapter 2 Computer Software........................................................................................... 41 Application Software..................................................................................... 41 Types of Application Software.............................................................. 42 Spreadsheets................................................................................... 42 Data Management.......................................................................... 42 Word Processing............................................................................. 42 Desktop Publishing.......................................................................... 43 Computer-Aided Design (CAD)....................................................... 43 Multimedia...................................................................................... 43 INTERNET BROWSER....................................................................... 44 SYSTEM SOFTWARE....................................................................................... 47 System Software............................................................................. 47 System Support Programs.................................................. 47 Utility Software.......................................................................... 48 System Development Programs......................................... 51 Compiler and Interpreter........................................ 52  System Management Programs.......................................... 53 OPERATING SYSTEM............................................... 53 Tasks performed by an operating system............... 54 Operating System categories and characteristics...54 Interfaces................................................................ 55 Types of an Operating System................................ 55 DISK OPERATING SYSTEM........................... 56 UNIX............................................................ 57 OS/2............................................................ 58 Windows..................................................... 58 Linux............................................................ 68 Android....................................................... 69 IOS............................................................... 69 People ware...................................................................................................70 Home User............................................................................................ 70 Small Office/Home...............................................................................71 Mobile User........................................................................................... 71 Power User............................................................................................ 72 Enterprise User.....................................................................................  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING (CC100) INTRODUCTION Computers are everywhere: at work, at school, and at home. People use all types and sizes of computers for a variety of reasons and in a range of places. While some computers sit on top of a desk or on the floor, mobile computers and mobile devices are small enough to carry. Mobile devices, such as many cell phones, often are classified as computers. Computers are a primary means of local and global communication for billions of people. Consumers use computers to correspond with businesses, employees with other employees and customers, students with classmates and teachers, and family members and military personnel with friends and other family members. In addition to sending simple notes, people use computers to share photos, drawings, documents, calendars, journals, music, and videos. Through computers, society has instant access to information from around the globe. Local and national news, weather reports, sports scores, airline schedules, telephone directories, maps and directions, job listings, credit reports, and countless forms of educational material always are accessible. From the computer, you can make a telephone call, meet new friends, share opinions or life stories, book flights, shop, fill prescriptions, file taxes, take a course, receive alerts, and automate your home. At home or while on the road, people use computers to manage schedules and contacts, listen to voice mail messages, balance checkbooks, pay bills, transfer funds, and buy or sell stocks. Banks place ATMs (automated teller machines) all over the world, so that customers can deposit and withdraw funds anywhere at any time. At the grocery store, a computer tracks purchases, calculates the amount of money due, and often generates coupons customized to buying patterns. Modern man can count or calculate small numbers with ease, but his requirement for data processing is so enormous that he needs a machine that can instantly process the data captured from source and provide real time response. The early devices such as abacus and slide rule cannot keep pace with his needs. The progress of man from pebbles to PCs is a great march in technological history of mankind. Every human activity is becoming increasingly information intensive. There is a growing need to collect, process, store, retrieve and exercise control over huge quantity of data. Computer is the tool that performs these operations with great speed and efficiency. But computers took long years to reach the present level of sophistication. vi The history of computers dates back to the age when man started using tools for computations. The whole history of computing can be divided into two periods based on the technology used in computing devices such as mechanical era and electronic era. GENERATIONS OF MODERN COMPUTER For simplifying and providing a framework for discussion of the growth of computer industry, it is customary to break it into generations of growth. Originally, the term 'generation’ was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But since 1968, both hardware and software advances are considered in the generations classification. These generations represent major advances in computing technology. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here, approximate dates against each generation have been mentioned which are normally accepted. The following are the main five generations of computers: First Generation The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. In this generation, mainly, batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. Computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. Some computers of this generation were: ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer EDVAC -Electronic Discrete Variable Computer UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer IBM-701 IBM-650 vii Second Generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. Some computers of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 Third Generation The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation, remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. Some computers of this generation were: IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316 viii Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time, networks and distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation. Some computers of this generation were: DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1 (Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer) Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java,.Net etc. are used in this generation. AlI includes: Robotics Neural networks Game Playing Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. Natural language understanding and generation. Some computer types of this generation are: Desktop Laptop ix  Notebook Ultra Book Chrome Book DIGITAL REVOLUTION The digital revolution is an ongoing process of social, political and economic change brought about by digital technology, such as computer and internet. Technology driving the digital revolution is based on digital electronics and the idea that electrical signals can represents data, such as numbers, words, pictures and music. Without digital electronics, computers would be huge machine. Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos and video into data that can be processed by digital devices. The digital revolution has evolved through four phases, beginning with big, expensive, standalone computers a progressing to today’s digital world in which small, inexpensive digital devices are everywhere. Phases of Digital Revolution Data processing is the computing model for the first phase of the digital revolution. The concept of large computers performing tasks based on the input- processing-output cycle represents were used from the 1940’s through 1970’s. Example: a batch of employee time cards is entered into a payroll computer system; the payroll data is processed to calculate take-home pay, deductions, and taxes; paychecks are output. o EDP (Electronic Data Processing) Is the processing of data by computer or any other machine and its programs in an environment involving electronic communication. EDP evolved from “DP” (data processing) a term that was created when most computing input was physically put into the computer in the punched card form or in ATM cards form and output as punched cards or paper reports. Personal Computing, the model for the second phase of the digital revolution, is characterized by small, stand alone computers powered by local software. Local software refers to any software that is installed on a computer hard drive. x During this phase of the digital revolution, personal computers were not connected to networks, so they were essentially self-contained units that allowed users to interact with installed software Network Computing, the third phase of the digital revolution materialized as computers became networked and when the Internet was opened to public used. A computer network is a group of computers linked together to share data and resources. As the third phase of the digital revolution unfolded, network technology became consumer-friendly; allowing homeowners to connected multiple computers, exchanges files, and most importantly, share an Internet connection. Internet is a global computer originally developed as a military project, and was then handed over to the National Science Foundation for Research and academic use. When historians look back on the digital revolution, they are certain to identify the Web as a major transformative influence. The Web (short for World Wide Web) is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet. Cloud computing provides access to information, applications, communications and storage over the Internet. Before cloud computing, your computer typically ran software based locally. E-mail, documents, photos, and music all resided on your computer’s hard disk or flash drive. With cloud computing, you can use your browser to access word processing applications that run from the Internet, instead of software that you have installed on your local hard disk. The expansion of cloud computing is due in part to convergence, a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product. Your computer plays movies. Your cell phone has a camera. Your clock has a radio. Convergence worked its magic on cell phones, computers, portables media player, digital cameras, GPSs, watches, and e-book readers. It is important to the digital revolution because it created sophisticated mobile devices whose owners demand access to the same services available from full-size computer on their desks. xi  Republic of the Philippines Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Name: ______________________________ Score: __________ Yr. & Sec. ________________ Date: ___________ Activity # 1 STRICTLY NO ERASURE. I. Identification: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (10 pts.) ______________________1. It is an ongoing process of social, political and economic change brought about by digital technology, such as computer and internet. ______________________2.The inventor of ICs. ______________________3. It is the basic component for memory and circuitry for CPU in the first generation. ______________________4. It is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet. ______________________5. It is a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product. II. Enumerate the following: (10 pts.) A. Phases of Digital Revolution 1. 2. 3. 4. xii B. Give at least 4 computers used in the first generation 5. 6. 7. 8. C. Give at least 4 computers used in the third generation 9. 10 11. 12. D. Give at least 3 computers used in the fourth generation 13. 14. 15. xiii Chapter 1 ALL ABOUT COMPUTER What Is a Computer? Computer can be defined as an electronic device that performs rapid computations and generates desired output for users based on input data and programs. Computer can capture, store, retrieve and process data. The data may be numbers, characters, audio, video, images etc. IT is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. Computer allows users to store and process information quickly and automatically. It is a programmable machine that allows user to store all sorts of information and then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information, such as calculating numbers or organizing words. Data and Information Computers process data into information. Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information conveys meaning and is useful to people. Many daily activities either involve the use of or depend on information from a computer. As shown in Figure 1-2, for example, computers process several data items to print information in the form of a cash register receipt. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Computer is a versatile device. It can be designed to do any kind of activity provided all data and instructions are made available to it in digital form. The important characteristics of computer are: 1. Speed Modern computers have incredible speed of processing. Computer speed is measured in units of millisecond (one thousandth of a second), microsecond (one millionth of a second), nanosecond (one billionth of a second), and picoseconds (one trillionth of a second). Advanced computers, including recent microcomputers called super 1 microcomputers, operate in nanoseconds and can carry out millions of instructions per second (MIPS). 2. Accuracy Computer can ensure consistently very high degree of accuracy in computations. It processes data according to the sequence of instructions. Hence, if input data and procedures are correct, the output will be consistently accurate. 3. Huge storage and fast retrieval Computer has huge storage capability. For a personal computer, 128 MB RAM is almost a standard today. The main memory can be upgraded further by inserting RAM chips that are available in modules of 64 MB, 128 MB and so on. Cache memory is also available in Pc. Cache memory is faster access memory device and hence it improves processor’s performance. Secondary or auxiliary storage devices are used for permanent storage. Modern computers have enormous secondary storage capacity, e.g., a PC hard disk can store more than 80 GB of data. Pen drives, DVDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, magnetic tapes etc. are other secondary storage devices. A CD-ROM can store 650 MB and more of data on a single disk. Huge storage and fast retrieval capability makes computer a very special tool for data processing and communications. 4. Versatility Though computers are basically designed to carry out only arithmetic operations, yet they are capable of performing almost any task that has a series of finite logical steps 5. Fatigue-free Computer is free from fatigue. It does not get tired of work and never loses concentration. It can perform basic arithmetic operations with the same degree of speed and accuracy for any extent of time continuously, with the same amount of efficiency as the first transaction. 6. Programmable 2 Computer can be programmed to function automatically and this differentiates it from any other calculating device. It functions as programmed for any stretch of time until the condition to terminate is satisfied. 7. Networking Capability Computers can be interconnected into a network. Network in turn can be connected to other networks. Networks extend the capability of computers. Networks provide the basic infrastructure for electronic communications, electronic commerce, and online trading and information services. Categories of Computers Industry experts typically classify computers in six categories: personal computers (desktop), mobile computers and mobile devices, game consoles, mainframes, supercomputers, and embedded computers. A computer’s size, speed, processing power, and price determine the category it best fits. Due to rapidly changing technology, however, the distinction among categories is not always clear-cut. This trend of computers and devices with technologies that overlap, called convergence, leads to computer manufacturers continually releasing newer models that include similar functionality and features. For example, newer cell phones often include media player, camera, and Web browsing capabilities. As devices converge, users need fewer devices for the functionality that they require. When consumers replace outdated computers and devices, they should dispose them properly. Personal Computers A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself. A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage devices. Personal computers also often contain a communications device. The term, PC-compatible, refers to any personal computer based on the original IBM personal computer design. Companies such as Dell, HP, and Toshiba sell PC-compatible computers. PC and PC-compatible computers usually use a Windows operating system. Apple computers usually use a Macintosh 3 operating system (Mac OS). Two types of personal computers are desktop computers and notebook computers. Desktop Computer A desktop computer is designed so that the system unit, input devices, output devices, and any other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table. In many models, the system unit is a tall and narrow tower, which can sit on the floor vertically — if desktop space is limited. Some desktop computers function as a server on a network. Others, such as a gaming desktop computer and home theater PC, target a specific audience. The gaming desktop computer offers high-quality audio, video, and graphics with optimal performance for sophisticated single-user and networked or Internet multiplayer games. A home theater PC (HTPC) combines the features of a high-definition video/audio entertainment system with a desktop computer that is designed to be connected to a television and includes a Blu-ray Disc, digital video recorder, and digital cable television connectivity. These high-end computers cost more than the basic desktop computer. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices A mobile computer is a personal computer you can carry from place to place. Similarly, a mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand. The most popular type of mobile computer is the notebook computer. The following sections discuss the notebook computer and widely used mobile devices. Notebook Computers 4  A notebook computer, also called a laptop computer, is a portable, personal computer often designed to fit on your lap. Notebook computers are thin and lightweight, yet they can be as powerful as the average desktop computer. A netbook, which is a type of notebook computer, is smaller, lighter, and often not as powerful as a traditional notebook computer. Most netbooks cost less than traditional notebook computers. An ultra-thin is another type of notebook computer that is lightweight and usually less than one-inch thick. Some notebook computers have touch screens, allowing you to interact with the device by touching the screen, usually with the tip of a finger. On a typical notebook computer, the keyboard is on top of the system unit, and the monitor attaches to the system unit with hinges. These computers weigh on average from 2.5 to more than 10 pounds (depending on configuration), which allows users to transport the computers from place to place. Most notebook computers can operate on batteries or a power supply or both. Tablet PC’s Resembling a letter-sized slate, the Tablet PC, or tablet computer, is a special type of notebook computer that you can interact with by touching the screen with your finger or a digital pen. A digital pen looks like a small ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink. Users write or draw on a Tablet PC by pressing a finger or digital pen on the screen, and issue instructions by tapping on the screen. One design of Tablet PC, called a convertible tablet, has an attached keyboard. Another design, which does not include a keyboard, is called a slate tablet and provides other means for typing. Some Tablet PCs also support voice input so that users can speak into the computer. 5 Tablet PCs are useful especially for taking notes in lectures, at meetings, conferences, and other forums where the standard notebook computer is not practical. Mobile Devices Mobile devices, which are small enough to carry in a pocket, usually do not have disk drives. Instead, these devices store programs and data permanently on special memory inside the system unit or on small storage media such as memory cards. You often can connect a mobile device to a personal computer to exchange information between the computer and the mobile device. Some mobile devices are Internet-enabled, meaning, they can connect to the Internet wirelessly. With an Internet-enabled device, users can chat; send e-mail and instant messages, and access the Web. Because of their reduced size, the screens on mobile devices are small, but usually are in color. Popular types of mobile devices are smart phones and PDAs, e-book readers, handheld computers, portable media players, and digital cameras. Smart Phones and PDAs 6  Offering the convenience of one-handed operation, a smart phone is an Internet-enabled phone that usually also provides personal information management functions such as a calendar, an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, and a notepad. In addition to basic phone capabilities, a smart phone allows you to send and receive e-mail messages and access the Web — usually for an additional fee. Some smart phones communicate wirelessly with other devices or computers. Many also function as a portable media player and include built-in digital cameras so that you can share photos or videos with others as soon as you capture the image. Many smart phones also offer a variety of application software such as word processing, spreadsheet, and games, and the capability of conducting live video conferences. Many smart phones have keypads that contain both numbers and letters so that you can use the same keypad to dial phone numbers and enter messages. A PDA (personal digital assistant), which often looks like a smart phone, provides personal information management functions such as a calendar, an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, and a notepad. A PDA differs from a smart phone in that it usually does not provide phone capabilities and may not be Internet enabled, support voice input, have a built-in camera, or function as a portable media player. As smart phones and PDAs continue a trend of convergence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate between the two devices. This has led some manufacturers to refer to PDAs and smart phones simply as handhelds. 7 E-Book Readers An e-book reader (short for electronic book reader), or e-reader, is a handheld device that is used primarily for reading e-books. An e-book, or digital book, is an electronic version of a printed book, readable on computers and other digital devices. In addition to books, users typically can purchase and read other forms of digital media such as newspapers and magazines. Most e-book readers have a touch screen and are Internet-enabled. These devices usually are smaller than tablet computers but larger than smart phones. Handheld Computers A handheld computer, sometimes referred to as an Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC), is a computer small enough to fit in one hand. Many handheld computers communicate wirelessly with other devices or computers and also include a digital pen or stylus for input. Some handheld computers have miniature or specialized keyboards. Many handheld computers are industry-specific and serve the needs of mobile employees, such as meter readers and parcel delivery people, whose jobs require them to move from place to place. Portable Media Players 8  A portable media player is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play digital media. For example, you can listen to music; watch videos, movies, and television shows; and view photos on the device’s screen. With most, you download the digital media from a computer to the portable media player or to media that you insert in the device. Some portable media players are Internet enabled so that you can access Web sites and send e-mail messages directly from the device. Many offer personal information management functions such as a calendar and address book, and include a variety of games and other application software. Digital Cameras A digital camera is a device that allows users to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally, instead of on traditional film. While many digital cameras look like a traditional camera, some are built into smart phones and other mobile devices. Although digital cameras usually have some amount of internal storage to hold images, most users store images on small storage media such as memory cards. Digital cameras typically allow users to review, and sometimes modify images while they are in the camera. Some digital cameras connect to or communicate wirelessly with a computer or printer, allowing users to print or view images directly from the printer. Game Consoles A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games. Standard game consoles use a handheld controller(s) as an input device(s); a television screen as an output device; and hard disks, optical discs, and/or memory cards for storage. Weighing on average between two and nine pounds, the compact size of game consoles makes them easy to use at home, in the car, in a hotel, or any location that has an electrical outlet. Three popular models are Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Nintendo’s Wii (pronounced as wee), and Sony’s PlayStation 3. 9 A handheld game console is small enough to fit in one hand, making it more portable than the standard game console. With the handheld game console, the controls screen, and speakers are built into the device. Mainframe Computers A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously. Mainframes store tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information. Most major corporations use mainframes for business activities. With mainframes, enterprises are able to bill millions of customers, prepare payroll for thousands of employees, and manage thousands of items in inventory. One study reported that mainframes process more than 83 percent of transactions around the world. Mainframes also can act as servers in a network environment. Servers and other mainframes can access data and information from a mainframe. People also can access programs on the mainframe using terminals or personal computers. Supercomputers A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer — and the most expensive. The fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second. With weights that exceed 100 tons, these computers can store more than 20,000 times the data and information of an average desktop computer. Applications requiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations use supercomputers. Large-scale simulations and applications in medicine, aerospace, 10 automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration use supercomputer. Embedded Computers An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. Embedded computers are everywhere — at home, in your car, and at work. The following list identifies a variety of everyday products that contain embedded computers. Consumer Electronics: mobile and digital telephones, digital televisions, cameras, video recorders, DVD players and recorders, answering machines. Home Automation Devices: thermostats, sprinkling systems, security monitoring systems, appliances, lights. Automobiles: antilock brakes, engine control modules, airbag controller, cruise control. Process Controllers and Robotics: remote monitoring systems, power monitors, machine controllers, medical devices. Computer Devices and Office Machines: keyboards, printers, fax and copy machines. Because embedded computers are components in larger products, they usually are small and have limited hardware. These computers perform various functions, depending on the requirements of the product in which they reside. Embedded computers in printers, for example, monitor the amount of paper in the tray; check the ink or toner level, signal if a paper jam has occurred, and so on. The basic function of a computer: INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORE 11  ✓ The computer accepts input. Computer input is whatever is entered or fed into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person (such as by using a keyboard) or by another computer or device (such as a diskette or CD-ROM). Some examples of input include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, and instructions for completing a process, pictures, and so on. ✓ The computer performs useful operations, manipulating the data in many ways. This manipulation is called processing. Examples of processing include performing calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, modifying documents and pictures according to user instructions, and drawing graphs. A computer processes data in the CPU. o Process: A systematic series of actions a computer uses to manipulate data. ✓ The computer stores data. A computer must store data so that it is available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data (the hard drive or C:\, and the floppy drive or A:\). The place where the computer stores the data depends on how the data is being used. The computer put the data in one place while it is waiting to be processed and another place when it is not needed for immediate processing. The storage of data in the computer is called ‘online storage’ while the storage of data on computer tapes, diskettes or CD- ROMs is called ‘offline storage’. ✓ The computer produces output. Computer output is information that has been produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. Output can be in several different formats, such as paper, diskette, or on screen. ✓ A computer receives data as input, processes it, stores it and then produces output. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER Computer System All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations. 12  COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + USER A computer system is made up of three major components: Hardware, Software and Peopleware. The physical units of a computer system excluding the third component), constitute its hardware. Hardware consists of mechanical, electrical and electronic parts of the system. Sets of programmed instructions constitute the software. Peopleware is the people element in the system. COMPUTER SYSTEM. HARDWARE SOFTWARE PEOPLEWARE Computer System HARDWARE A computer, like human brain, receives data and instructions, stores them and processes the data according to the instructions given to it. It receives data from input devices, stores them in memory and displays them through an output device. The physical devices that make up a computer are referred to as hardware. Computer hardware can be broadly' classified into two: CPU and peripherals. The CPU is perhaps the most important part of a computer. The other hardware pieces like input devices, output devices, etc. are called peripherals. 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU is the brain of a computer. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform arithmetical and logical operations. It has a control unit to co-ordinate the activities of the CPU and main memory for primary storage. HARDWARE 13  CPU PERIPHERALS CU ALU MAIN STORAGE INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE SECONDARY STORAGE 2. COMPUTER PERIPHERALS The input/output and storage devices surround the central processing unit (CPU). Hence, they are called the peripheral devices. They are usually the electromechanical devices connected to the CPU that exchange data and programs with the CPU. The users interact with the CPU through these devices. Thus, they act as interface between users and the CPU. The interaction is difficult because of the language barrier. The CPU uses machine language, which is difficult for most users. The input- output (I/0) devices help in taking the translated version of the input to the machine's memory and similarly, to render the processed symbols into the language of the user. During the first two decades of commercial use of computers, 110 operations were performed mostly by punching holes on cards and paper tape with a special device. More direct and convenient I/0 devices have been developed since then. The peripherals connected directly to the CPU are called online devices and devices not directly connected are called offline devices. These peripherals can be further divided into input devices, output devices and secondary storage devices. ▪ INPUT DEVICES Input devices allow the user to input data and instructions to the computer. There are a variety of input devices. Direct entry of data generally requires a keyboard. Any resource required for the functioning of a process, in the course of which it will be transformed into one or more outputs. It may also use other devices for direct data entry like a touch sensitive screen, voice recognition system and scanners. o Keyboard 14 Keyboard is the most popular input device for direct entry of data and instructions into computer. The standard QWERTY keyboard is used for computer. The enhanced keyboard has 101 keys. 1875, Christopher Latham Sholes invented the first practical typewriter and the QWERTY keyboard still in use today and he is also known as “The Father of the typewriter” The computer keyboard is very much like the electronic typewriter keyboard. But it has additional keys. Computer keyboard has three types of keys: Alphanumeric keys for typing character and numeric data Punctuation keys like comma, period, colon, semicolon, question mark etc. Special keys like function keys, control keys, arrow keys, caps lock etc. ▪ Alt key – Short for Alternate, this key is like a second control key. ▪ Arrow Keys – Most keyboards have four arrow keys that enable you to move the cursor (or insertion point) up, down, right, or left. Used in conjunction with the Shift or Alt keys, the arrow keys can move the cursor more than one position at a time, but this depends on which program is running. 15 ▪ Backspace key – Deletes the character just to the left of the cursor (or insertion point) and moves the cursor to that position. ▪ Caps Lock Key – A toggle key that, when activated, causes all alphabetic characters to be uppercase. ▪ Ctrl key – Short for Control, this key is used in conjunction with other keys to produce control characters. The meaning of each control character depends on which program is running. ▪ Delete Key – Sometimes labeled Del, deletes the character at the current cursor position, or the selected object, but does not move the cursor. For graphics-based applications, the Delete key deleted the character to the right of the insertion point. ▪ Enter Key – Used to enter commands or to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. Sometimes labeled Return instead of Enter. ▪ Esc Key – Short for Escape, this key is used to send special codes to devices and to exit (or escape) from programs and tasks. ▪ Function Keys – Special keys labeled F1 to F12. These keys have different meaning depending on which program is running. 16 o Mouse A mouse is a small hand-held 'point and click' device that is connected to the CPU through a cable. Douglas Engelbart invented mouse in 1963 at Stanford Research Institute. Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center enhanced its capabilities by adding analogue to digital conversion. In the early 1970's. With the adoption of Graphical User Interface technology, mouse became an essential input device for computer later in the 1980's. There are three types of mouse: mechanical, optomechanical and optical. Mechanical mouse has a trackball at its bottom. It can be rolled across a flat and smooth surface to control the position of the cursor on the screen. By pointing and clicking on icons and menu options displayed on the screen, it is easy for the user to control 17  the computer with a mouse. Mechanical sensors within the mouse detect the direction the ball is rolling and move the screen pointer accordingly. Optomechanical mouse is more or less the same as the mechanical mouse, but it uses optical sensors to detect motion of the ball. Optical mouse uses a laser to detect the mouse movement. The mouse requires to be moved along a special mat with a grid so that the optical mechanism has a frame of reference. Optical mouse is more expensive than the other two. Common terms used with mouse directions/ actions: Point placing the cursor (arrow) on top of a screen object by moving the mouse. Click pointing at an object and quickly clicking/pressing the (left) mouse button; then letting go. Double Click pointing at an object and (left) clicking twice rapidly. Drag pointing at an object pressing and holding down the mouse button; moving the mouse to “drag” the object and releasing the button when the object is in a new place. Select pulling down a menu by clicking on the menu name; moving the pointer down to the command you want and then release. Rollover Move the pointer over an object without clicking. This allows “rollover text” if available, which describes the function of the object or give additional information, to appear. 18  Most current models of the PC mouse have left and right buttons. Different menus become available if you “click” or “right- click” on a file or pull-down menu. The user has options to set which menu appears with a left or right click, as well as the appearance of the pointer on the screen, the speed of scrolling, etc. The cursor typically takes the shape of an arrow when you use it to point and click, and an hourglass to indicate a program is loading or operating. The cursor returns to an arrow when you can take the next step. Again, the user has the option of resetting the shape of the mouse pointer. Mouse properties, including speed of action, type of movement and screen appearance can be reset using: ▪ Start - Control Panel- Appearance and Personalization- Personalization and selecting- Changing Mouse Pointer. o Light Pen Light pen consists of a stylus connected by a cable to the computer terminal. When the stylus is brought into contact with the screen, a dot appears there on the screen. By moving the stylus on the screen, lines and curves can be drawn on the screen that can be stored and used as input. o Trackball Trackball was originally built into the keyboard. Running a hand over the trackball made the cursor on the screen to move. The cursor is used to make selection from a menu displayed on the computer screen. o Joystick 19  Joystick is a small vertical stick attached to a trackball for easier mechanical movements. It is used mainly in game programs. o Scanners Scanners are direct-entry input devices. As the data entry is automatic, the scanners ensure more accurate data entry. These scanners include optical scanners and magnetic ink character readers. The optical scanners use light for sensing input and they include OCR, OMR and Barcode reader. o Barcode Reader Barcode is a set of small bars of varying thickness and spacing printed on the packages of products, on the back cover pages of books, tags etc. The barcode reader uses an optical scanner to read product code and converts it into electrical pulses. The device is connected to a computer and the information read is passed to the computer in digital form for automatic bill generation and updating of files. o Voice Recognition Systems A special microphone is used to capture voice.input. It converts the voice into electrical pulses and then into digital signals for onward transmission to a computer for processing. A voice recognition system is provided with digital patterns of a limited vocabulary of words and phrases. o Digital Cameras 20  Digital cameras are used to capture images and they can record the images on reusable floppy disks. Images are used with a digitizer for input to the computer. Once the image input is stored in computer, the image can be used in any application. ▪ OUTPUT DEVICES Output device displays result of the computer processing for user. These are the devices that allow information to be represented that is given out to the user, such as a display screen or printer. o Visual Display Unit or Monitor Visual display units (VDUs) are television-like screens that provide the user-interface in the form of display of text, numbers and images. The VDUs may be monochrome or color. The support of monochrome or color and clarity of display depend on the type of video monitor and the video adapter installed in the microcomputer. o Speaker and Audio Response Systems Computer can produce verbal output where the output or response can be standardized as replies to special requests for information. The unit analyses the input and delivers the verbal reply by assembling the responses from pre-recorded words and phrases. o Printers Printers are purely output devices. They produce hard copy output. Computer printers vary widely in their technologies and capabilities. They can be classified in a number of ways. First, they can be classified into three broad groups: character printers, line printers and page printers. The character printers print one character at a time. Dot matrix printer (DMP), daisy wheel printer, thermal printer and inkjet printer are the various types of character printers. Drum printer and chain printer are line printers. Laser printer and magnetic printer are page printers. 21 They can also be classified into impact and non-impact printers based on the basis of the printing mechanism. The impact printing technology uses some mechanical pressure to produce images on paper. The impact printers include dot matrix printer, daisy wheel printer and chain printer. It is possible to take multiple copies of output with impact printers. Non- impact printers do not use mechanical force to produce output on paper and hence they can produce only single copy output. Dot Matrix Printer (DMP) DMP prints one character at a time as a set of dots produced by the pins on the print head. It uses a nine or twenty-four pin print head. The pins or printing wires are aligned into the shape of the character to be printed before the print head strikes the ribbon. The impact of the strike produces character shapes on paper. The speed of DMP is measured in character per second (CPS). A normal dot matrix printer with nine or twenty-four pin print head can produce output ranging from 50 to 600 characters per second. It produces lot of noise when working. Inkjet Printer Inkjet is a non-impact printer and is quiet when working. It sprays ink particles through its nozzle. On leaving the nozzle, the tiny particles of ink get electrically charged. Inkjet printers are as cheap as dot matrix printers, but their operating costs are far higher than those of dot matrix printers. However, they give much better quality than DMPs. They are available in black and white and color. 22  Laser Printer Laser printer is a high-end printer. It is more expensive than inkjet printers and its operating costs are also higher than inkjet printers. It uses the same technology as that of Xerox copier machines and it can produce both character and graphic output. It gives the best quality output. Drum Printer It is a line printer. It has a drum that rotates at high speed. A set of characters is embossed on the drum. It prints one line of characters at a time. The hammer for a particular character position is activated when that character on the drum passes under it to produce character impression on paper. Magnetic Printer In a magnetic printer, a drum coated with magnetic material captures the image of the page to be printed. These magnetic spots attract dry ink particles, which are then pressurized and transferred to paper to produce output. 23  Graphic Plotters Plotters are used for plotting graphs and designs on paper. Architects and designers use plotters to produce blueprints of their designs on paper. It is a specialized output device for preparing computer drawn charts and graphs. The most popular type of plotter is the flat bed device. It plots on paper (or other material) that is spread on a flat bed. ▪ STORAGE DEVICES 1. Primary Memory (Main Memory) Memory is used to store the information (programs and data) that the computer is currently using. It is sometimes called main or primary memory. Types of Memory: o Random Access Memory (RAM) This means that any location in memory may be accessed in the same amount of time as any other location. Memory access means one of two things, either the CPU is reading from a memory location or the CPU is writing to a memory location. When the CPU reads from a memory location, the contents of the memory location are copied to a CPU register. When the CPU writes to a memory location, the CPU copies the contents of a CPU register to the memory location, overwriting the previous contents of the location. The CPU cannot carry out any other operations on memory locations. It is a form of short term or volatile memory. Information stored in short term storage is lost when the computer is switched off (or when power fails e.g. if you pull out the power lead!). There is therefore a requirement for permanent or long term storage which is also referred to as secondary storage or auxiliary storage. This role is fulfilled by disk and tape storage. 24 It is also known as temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system. It is also known as a “Waiting Room” for the computer’s processor. It holds raw data waiting to be processed as well as the program instructions for processing that data. RAM is of two types Static RAM (SRAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6- transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Characteristic of the Static RAM ✓ It has long life ✓ There is no need to refresh ✓ Faster ✓ Used as cache memory ✓ Large size ✓ Expensive ✓ High power consumption Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM ✓ It has short data lifetime ✓ Need to be refreshed continuously ✓ Slower as compared to SRAM ✓ Used as RAM ✓ Lesser in size ✓ Less expensive ✓ Less power consumption 25  Read-Only-Memory (ROM) is used to store programs that are essential for the proper operations of computer system. ROM is non-volatile. Many computers especially microcomputers come equipped with ROM chips that contain the operating system and application programs. Programs stored in ROM chips are often called firmware; that is, software built into the hardware. A Read-Only-Memory is one in which information is permanently stored. This memory cannot be written into. It can only be read. When power is switched off, the contents of ROM remain unchanged. Note: RAM is empty and doesn’t contain any instruction for the microprocessor to execute. Now ROM plays its parts. ROM contains a small set of instruction called the ROM BIOS (basic input/output system). These instructions tell the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM. After the operating system is loaded, the computer can understand your input, display output, run software, and access your data. 2. Secondary Memory (Storage Devices) Secondary storage is thus, supplementary to primary storage. It is, therefore, also called auxiliary storage. It has larger storage capacity and is cheaper than primary storage. But access to secondary storage is slower than that to primary storage. The secondary storage devices may be serial access or direct access devices. o Magnetic Disks Magnetic disks are made of rigid metals or synthetic plastic material. The disk platter is coated on both the surfaces with magnetic material and both the surfaces can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access and is popular for both small and large computer systems. The magnetic disk comes in two forms: hard disks and floppy disks. 26  Hard drive: The storage area within the computer itself, where megabytes of space are available to store bits of information. Also known as a hard disk. Diskette. A small, removable, flexible mylar plastic disk covered with a thin layer of a magnetic substance, onto which digital data can be recorded and stored. Also known as a floppy disk. o Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape is serial access storage medium. It can store large volume of data at low costs. The conventional magnetic tape is in reels of up to 3600 feet made of mylar plastic tape. A continuous plastic strip covered with magnetic oxide; the tape is divided into parallel tracks onto which data may be recorded by selectively magnetizing parts of the surface, or spots, in each of the tracks. o Optical storage Optical storage technology uses light as the medium for representing data. It uses reflecting surfaces and laser technology to read and write data on a disk. Also known as a laser disk. Commonly used optical storage devices include CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW and DVD. Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM). Is a type of optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data -- up to 1GB, although the most common size is 650MB (megabytes). A single CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 300,000 text pages. Compact Disk –Recordable (CD-R). It can be used to write data on it once. The data on it can be retrieved as and when needed. Compact Disk Re-writable (CD-RW).Is an optical disk that can be rewritten many times. The data stored on it can be read, erased and re-written as frequently as needed. Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disk (DVD). Is a large capacity secondary storage device. It stores seven times CD capacity on a 27  single side. Double-sided or dual layer DVDs are also available with much larger storage capacity. DVD uses a 5-inch disc for storage. Single layer, single-sided DVD has a storage capacity of 4.7 GB. With double-layer, double sided disc, it can store 17 GB of data on a single disk. o Solid State Storage Solid State Storage (sometimes called flash memory) is a technology that stores data in erasable, rewriteable circuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape. It contains a grid work of circuitry. Each cell in the grid contains two transistors that act as gates. Flash Drive (Pen Drive)secondary storage device based on flash memory, enabling easy transport of data from one computer to another, Compact device of the size of a pen, comes in various shapes and stylish designs and may have different added features; Plug-and-play that simply plugs into a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port of a computer, treated as removable drive. Memory Card (SD/MMC) is a flat, solid state storage medium commonly used to transfer files from digital cameras and media player to computers. Similar to Flash Drive but in card shape Plug-and-play device that simply plugs into a port of a computer, treated as removable drive Useful in electronic devices like camera and music player. ▪ Processing Unit (PU) o CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform arithmetical and logical operations. It has a control unit to co-ordinate the activities of the CPU and main memory for primary storage. The chip or chips at the heart of a computer that enable it to process data. It is also known as a processor. 28  Chip: A small piece of semi-conducting material (such as silicon) about 1 centimeter (¼ inch) square on which an integrated circuit is embedded. An integrated circuit is a number of electronic components joined together to form a path for electricity. Central processing unit chips contain the circuits representing the CPU. o GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is a single-chip processor primarily used to manage and boost the performance of video and graphics. GPU features include 2-D or 3-D graphics Digital output to flat panel display monitors Texture mapping Application support for high-intensity graphics software such as AutoCAD Rendering polygons Support for YUV color space Hardware overlays MPEG decoding These features are designed to lessen the work of the CPU and produce faster video and graphics. A GPU is not only used in a PC on a video card or motherboard; it is also used in mobile phones, display adapters, workstations and game consoles. The first GPU was developed by NVidia in 1999 and called the GeForce 256. This GPU model could process 10 million polygons per second and had more than 22 million transistors. The GeForce 256 was a single-chip processor with integrated transform, drawing and BitBLT support, lighting effects, triangle setup/clipping and rendering engines. 29  Generally the GPU is connected to the CPU and is completely separate from the motherboard. The random access memory (RAM) is connected through the accelerated graphics port (AGP) or the peripheral component interconnect express (PCI-Express) bus. Some GPUs are integrated into the north bridge on the motherboard and use the main memory as a digital storage area, but these GPUs are slower and have poorer performance. Internal Component o Motherboard 30  It is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset. o CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside the computer that stores information. This information ranges from the system time and date to system hardware settings for your computer. The picture shows an example of the most common CMOS coin cell battery used to power the CMOS memory o Expansion Slots An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory. The expansion card has an edge connector that fits precisely into the expansion slot as well as a row of contacts that is designed to establish an electrical connection between the motherboard and the electronics on the card, which are mostly integrated circuits. o AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) 31  An interface specification developed by Intel Corporation. AGP is based on PCI, but is designed especially for the throughput demands of 3-D graphics. Rather than using the PCI bus for graphics data, AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel so that the graphics controller can directly access main memory. The AGP channel is 32 bits wide and runs at 66 MHz. This translates into a total bandwidth of 266 MBps, as opposed to the PCI bandwidth of 133 MBps. AGP also supports two optional faster modes, with throughputs of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. In addition, AGP allows 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory. o Network Card Network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. o Graphic Card The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector. o Memory Slots 32  A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there may be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM used with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and speeds. The picture above is an example of what memory slots may look like inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open available slots for three memory sticks. o Cooling Fan A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a case used for active cooling, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. o Power Supply Power supply unit or PSU, is a component that supplies power to a computer. Most personal computers can be plugged into standard electrical outlets. The power supply then pulls the required amount of electricity and converts the AC current to DC current. It also regulates the voltage to eliminate spikes and surges common in most 33 electrical systems. Not all power supplies, however, do an adequate voltage- regulation job, so a computer is always susceptible to large voltage fluctuations. o Ports It is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer. It can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to computer or over the internet. 34  Republic of the Philippines Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Name: ______________________________ Score: __________ Yr. & Sec. ________________ Date: ___________ Activity # 1 STRICTLY NO ERASURE. I. Identification: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (20 pts.) ______________________1. It is an electronic device that manipulates data. ______________________2. It can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself. ______________________3. It is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. ______________________4. It is a portable, personal computer often designed to fit on your lap. ______________________5. A device that can connect to the Internet wirelessly. ______________________6. It is a device that allows users to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally. 35 ______________________7. It is a mobile computing device designed for single- player or multiplayer video games. ______________________8. It is very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands of users simultaneously. ______________________9. It controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network. ______________________10. It is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. II. Enumerate the following: (20 pts.) A. Characteristics of a Computer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. Categories of Computer 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. C. Basic Functions of a Computer 14. 15. 16. 36  17. D. Examples of Mobile Phone or Mobile device 18. 19. 20. Republic of the Philippines Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Name: ______________________________ Score: __________ Yr. & Sec. ________________ Date: ___________ Activity # 2 STRICTLY NO ERASURE. I. Identification: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (20 pts.) ___________________1.These are the physical devices that make up a computer. ___________________2.A device that allows the user to input data and instructions to the computer. ___________________3. Inventor of mouse. ___________________4.The other hardware pieces like input devices, output devices, etc. are called? ___________________5.The enhanced keyboard has _____ keys. 37 ___________________6. A device that displays the result of the computer processing for user. ___________________7. It produces hard copy output ___________________8. A type of mouse that uses a laser to detect the mouse movement. ___________________9. A television-like screen that provides user-interface in the form of display of text, numbers and images. ___________________10. Known as direct-entry input device. II. Matching Type: Match Column A to Column B (10 pts.) 38  ________ 1. It is used for plotting graphs and designs A. on paper. ________ 2. It produces verbal output where the B. output or response can be standardized as replies to special requests for information. C. ________ 3. It is a small hand-held 'point D. click' device that is connected to the CPU through a cable. ________ 4. A device used to capture images and they can record the images on reusable floppy disks. E. ________ 5. It is a small vertical stick attached to a F. trackball for easier mechanical movements. ________ 6. A special microphone used to capture G. voice. H ________ 7. It prints one character at a time as a set of dots produced by the pins on the print head. ________8. The most popular input device for direct I entry of data and instructions into computer. J ________ 9. It consists of a stylus connected by a cable to the computer terminal. ________ 10. It has a drum that rotates at high speed. K. A set of characters is embossed on the drum. Republic of the Philippines Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City 39 Name: ______________________________ Score: __________ Yr. & Sec. ________________ Date: ___________ Activity # 3 STRICTLY NO ERASURE. I. Identification: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (30 pts.) ___________________ 1. The secondary storage devices may be _________ ___________________ 2. or _______ devices. ___________________3. It is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operation system. ___________________4. Secondary storage that provides direct access and it is popular for both small and large computer system. ___________________5. A storage technology that uses light as medium for representing data. ___________________6. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform arithmetical and logical operations. ___________________7. It is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. ___________________8. Allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the computer. 40  ___________________9. It is a storage technology that stores data in erasable, rewriteable circuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape. ___________________10. An optical disk with double-layer, double sided disc, that can store up to 17 GB of data on a single disk. ___________________11. Also known as auxiliary storage. ___________________12. Storage device that is plug- and-play by simply plugging into a USB port of a computer, treated as removable drive. ___________________13. It is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. ___________________14. It is a physical docking point in which an external device can be connected to the computer. ___________________15. It is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector. II. Acronyms: (20 pts.) 1. RAM - ________________________________________________________. 2. NIC - _________________________________________________________. 3. DVD - _________________________________________________________. 4. CMOS - ________________________________________________________. 5. AGP - ________________________________________________________. 41 6. CD-R - _________________________________________________________. 7. CPU - __________________________________________________________. 8. PSU - __________________________________________________________. 9. GPU - ______________________________________________________. 10. ROM - _________________________________________________________. 42 Chapter 2 Computer Software Computer needs to be given instructions to perform any task. A set of instructions for a specific task is termed a routine and a complete set of instructions to execute a related set of tasks is a program. Software, also called a program, consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. You interact with a program through its user interface. The user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. Software today often has a graphical user interface. With a graphical user interface (GUI) (pronounced as gooey), you interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons. An icon is a miniature image that represents a program, an instruction, or some other object. You can use the mouse to select icons that perform operations such as starting a program. Computer programs or software can be divided into two major categories: systems software and applications software. Computer Software SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE System management programs General-purpose programs System support programs Application specific programs System development programs Application Software Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/ or assist them with personal tasks. A widely used type of application software related to communications is a Web browser, which allows users with an Internet connection to access and view Web pages or access programs. Other popular application software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software, and presentation software. Many other types of application software exist that enable users 43 to perform a variety of tasks. These include personal information management, note taking, project management, accounting, document management, computer aided design, desktop publishing, paint/image editing, photo editing, audio and video editing, multimedia authoring, Web page authoring, personal finance, legal, tax preparation, home design/landscaping, travel and mapping, education, reference, and entertainment (e.g., games or simulations, etc.). Types of Application Software: ✓ Spreadsheets Computer spreadsheet software transforms a computer screen into a ledger sheet, or grid, of coded rows and columns. Users can enter numeric or textual data into each grid location, called a cell. In addition, a formula can be entered into a cell to obtain a calculated answer displayed in that cell’s location. With spreadsheets, users can also develop and use macros, which are sequences of commands that can be executed with just one simple instruction. ✓ Data Management Data management software supports the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of related data. There are two basic types of data management software: simple filing programs patterned after traditional, manual data-filing techniques, and database management programs that take advantage of a computer’s extremely fast and accurate ability to store and retrieve data in primary and secondary storage. File based management software is typically very simple to use and is often very fast, but it offers limited flexibility in how the data can be searched. Database management software has the opposite strengths and weaknesses. ✓ Word Processing Word processing software allows the user to manipulate text rather than just numbers. Modern word processors contain many productive writing and editing features. A typical word processing software package consists of an integrated set of programs including an editor program, a formatting program, a print program, a dictionary, a thesaurus, a grammar checker, a mailing list program, and integrated graphics, charting, and drawing 44  programs. WYSIWYG (an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, pronounced “wiz-e-wig”)