Introduction to Computer Application1 (1).pdf

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION 6/11/2024 1 Computer Overview Introduction  Computers have made great inroads in our every day life and thinking.  They are put to use for all sorts of applications ranging from: 1. Complex calculation in the research 2. Eng...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION 6/11/2024 1 Computer Overview Introduction  Computers have made great inroads in our every day life and thinking.  They are put to use for all sorts of applications ranging from: 1. Complex calculation in the research 2. Engineering simulations 3. Teaching 4. Printing books 5. Recreational games 6/11/2024 2 Computer Overview ( Continued)  The ease with which a computer can process data, store and retrieve it painlessly have made them inevitable in office and business environments.  The areas of applications of computers are confined only by the limitations on human creativity and imagination.  Any task that can be carry out systematically, can be perform by a computer. 6/11/2024 3 Computer Overview (Continued)  That why it is essential for every educated person today to know a computer. Its strengths, its weaknesses and its internal structure.  That is the why and the what we are going to learn this subject. 6/11/2024 4 Computer overview ( Continued) What is a computer?  Computer is defined as an electronic machine which gets input from the user, processes the data and produces the result as the output. Computer can be expanded as C – Commonly O – Operating M – Machine P – Particularly U – Used for T – Trade and E – Educational R–Research 6/11/2024 5 Computer overview ( Continued)  A computer is an electronic device that can perform variety of operations in accordance with the set of instructions called program  Computer can access and process data millions of times faster than humans can.  A computer can store data and information in its memory, process them and produce the desired results. 6/11/2024 6 Computer overview ( Continued)  Computer can do a lot of different task such as: 1. Playing games 2. Railway reservation, any reservations 3. weather forecasting 4.Error detection 5. Controlling the flight of a space airplane etc.. 6/11/2024 7 Computer overview ( Continued) Data vs Information Data in computer terminology mean Raw facts and figures. For example: ‘Pacific’1998, ‘A’-192.9, +72.3 are data. Data are process to form Information Information in computer terminology mean what we get after processing data (meaningful data). 6/11/2024 8 Computer overview ( Continued)  Data are aggregated and summarized in various meaningful way to form Information.  For Example: ‘Pacific, whose roll number is 1998, has got grade A’ is a information as it is conveying some meaning 6/11/2024 9 Computer overview ( Continued)  Information process cycle is the process of turning data into information. What goes inside a computer is data and what comes out is an information  Transforming data into information How computers represent data?  Binary Numbers  The Binary Number System  Bits and Bytes 6/11/2024 10 Computer overview ( Continued) Binary Numbers → Computer processing is performed by transistors, which are switches with only two possible states: on and off. → All computer data are converted to a series of binary numbers:1 and 0 For example, you see a sentence as a collection of letters, but the computer sees each letter as a collection of 1s and 0s. → If a transistor is assigned a value of 1, it is on. If it has a value of 0, it is off. A computer's transistors can be switched on and off millions of times each second. 6/11/2024 11 Computer overview ( Continued)  To convert data into strings of numbers, computers use the binary number system. → Humans use the decimal system ( “deci” stands for “ten”). → The binary number system works the same way as the decimal system, but has only two available symbols (0 and 1) rather than ten (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). 6/11/2024 12 Computer overview ( Continued) → A single unit of data is called a bit, having a value of 1 or 0. → Computers work with collections of bits, grouping them to represent larger pieces of data, such as letters of the alphabet (= a byte). Units of memory  Because we use very large numbers of bytes for storage, abbreviations are used for large numbers. These are based on powers of two and are set out in the following table. 6/11/2024 13  Computer overview ( Continued) Kb Kilobyte 210 = 1 024 bytes approx. 1 000 bytes Mb Megabyte 220 = 1 048 576 bytes approx. 1 000 000 bytes Gb Gigabyte 230 bytes approx. 1000 000 000 bytes Tb Terabyte 240 bytes approx. 1000 000 000 000 bytes 6/11/2024 14 Computer overview ( Continued)  When we work with files and directories, we often need to know how large the files are or how bigger a space of a directory and its files occupies.  One byte is one character which is a number, letter or symbol. It consists of eight bits (binary digits) and is the smallest unit of information a computer can process.  One kilobyte is 1,024 characters and is approximately equal to one page of text in double spacing. 6/11/2024 15 Chapter 1: Computer System What happen when you press (power on button)switch on button on your laptop or PC: Step1: As soon as the machine is switched on. POST (power On Self Test) is performed by checking foe integrity of all components (CPU,RAM,IO devices etc) of a computer system. If any component is found faulty, the error message is displayed 6/11/2024 16 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Step2: A chip called ROM- BIOS (read only memory-Basic Input Output Services) is read and executed.  Step 3: Then the checking of OS is performed to check in which driver it is stored in. 6/11/2024 17 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Step4: if OS files are found in a particular driver, its very first sector (Called boot sector) is read which stores a small program called boot strap loader in which the instructions for booting up process are store 6/11/2024 18 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Step 5: boot strap is loaded in the main memory and its instructions are executed. IMP: Loading the operating system files into the main memory is called booting up. 6/11/2024 19 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) Functional components of a computer  A computer follows Input-Process- Output cycle,  So the first stage in Computer is performed by Input unit,  The second stage in computer is performed by its central process unit  The third stage in computer is performed by Output Unit. 6/11/2024 20 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) 6/11/2024 21 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) The input unit  The input unit is formed by input devices attached to the computer. Example: 1. Mouse 2. Keyboard 3. Microphone etc..  The input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood by the computer 6/11/2024 22 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) Central Processing unit (CPU)  The CPU is the control Centre for a computer. It guides, directs and governs the performance of a computer.  It is the brain of the computer.  The CPU has two components which are responsible for different functions 6/11/2024 23 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  CPU components are : 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 2. Control Unit. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  The ALU performs all the four arithmetical(+,-,*,/) and some logic (,=,=,) operations 6/11/2024 24 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  For example: When two numbers are required to be added, these numbers are sent from memory to ALU where addition takes place and the result is put back in the memory. In the same way other operations are performed. 6/11/2024 25 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) Control Unit(CU)  Control Unit: The CU controls and guides 1. Interpretation 2. Flow 3. manipulation  The CU sends control signals until the required operations are done by The ALU and memory 6/11/2024 26 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Control Unit (CU) also perform another important function which execution of programs. The CU gets program instructions from the memory and executes them one after the other. The output Unit The Output Unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer. 6/11/2024 27 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  The output coming from the CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in some form which can be easily understood by human beings.  The memory If the computer has a brain (CPU), it must also have the faculty we call memory.. 6/11/2024 28 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) The memory  is where data and instructions are internally stored before, during, and after processing.  All data and instructions must be placed in primary memory(RAM) before the microprocessorcan process them 6/11/2024 29 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued) Software  Software is the set of instructions or programs that the computer uses to accomplish certain goals. Both, hardware and software process data and make it more orderly, timely, or accurate. Hardware  Hardware is the computer equipment and its parts 6/11/2024 30 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Hardware is the physical equipment in the Computer system.  There are four basic categories of hardware. These categories are designed by their function in the system: (1) Input (2) processing, (3) Output (4) storage. 6/11/2024 31 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Computer hardware consists largely of devices to perform the functions of input, processing, output, and storage. 6/11/2024 32 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  People, users of the computer, provide real meaning to the results. Only people can recognize a potential use of the computer. By analyzing, designing, and programming, people can make computer system truly useful. 6/11/2024 33 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Procedures are instructions telling people how to use and operate acomputer system.  The another component in the computer system is the data organized into databases. Data are facts or figures that can be processed by humans or computers. 6/11/2024 34 Chapter 1: Computer System (Continued)  Data can be defined as the row material to be processed by the software and hardware]. A data base is an organized collection of related files. 6/11/2024 35