Introduction to Biology PDF

ǀ Instructor Cebu Technological University-Danao Campus  Describe the scope of biology, including 01 its major branches and sub-disciplines Discuss the levels of biological 02 organization Explain the key biological concepts and 03 processes  the study of living org...

ǀ Instructor Cebu Technological University-Danao Campus  Describe the scope of biology, including 01 its major branches and sub-disciplines Discuss the levels of biological 02 organization Explain the key biological concepts and 03 processes  the study of living organisms and life includes the study of their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution the word "biology" comes from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study)  enables finding cures for diseases and developing new medicines helps preserve the environment and protect endangered species allows appreciating the diverse variety of living things leads to improvements in agriculture and biotechnology 1 Cellular Organizations All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the basic life units. Cells contain the necessary machinery to carry out the functions of life. 2 Homeostasis Living organisms can regulate their internal environment and maintain a stable and constant condition, despite changes in the external environment. This allows them to function properly. 3 Metabolism Living things obtain and use energy to carry out vital functions such as growth, development, and reproduction. This involves chemical reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration 4 Reproduction Living organisms have the ability to produce new individuals of the same species, either sexually or asexually, allowing the species to continue existing. 5 Growth and Development Living organisms grow in size and undergo development from immature to mature forms, as directed by their genetic instructions. 6 Response to Stimuli Living organisms can detect and respond to changes in their internal or external environment. This allows them to adapt and survive 7 Genetic Material and Heredity Living organisms contain genetic material, usually DNA, that is passed on to offspring, ensuring the continuity of the species  → → The basic units of matter, Groups of atoms bonded Specialized structures forming the building together, such as water or within cells that perform blocks of all substances. DNA. distinct processes, like mitochondria.  → → The smallest unit of life, Groups of similar cells Structures composed of with specific functions, working together to perform different tissues working such as muscle cells or a particular function, like together to carry out specific muscle tissue. tasks, like the heart or liver. nerve cells.  → → Groups of organs that work Individual living entities that Groups of individuals of together to perform can function on their own, the same species living in complex functions, such as such as a human, plant, or a specific area. the digestive system. bacterium.  → → Different populations of Communities of living The sum of all ecosystems, species interacting within organisms interacting encompassing all life on Earth a shared environment. with their physical and the environments in which they live. environment. Biology is a vast field divided into several branches or sub- disciplines that focus on specific aspects of living organisms.  The study of the structure of organisms and their parts. It involves the examination of body systems, organs, tissues, and cells  The study of the chemical processes and substances within living organisms. It bridges biology and chemistry to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms.  The application of computer technology to managing and analyzing biological data. It combines biology, computer science, and information technology to understand complex biological information.  The application of physics principles to biological processes. It involves studying the physical properties of molecules and cells to understand their behavior and function.  The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. It encompasses genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications.  The study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, and classification. It covers all plant life, from microscopic algae to giant trees.  The study of cells in terms of their structure, function, and chemistry. It involves understanding how cells operate, interact, and contribute to the life processes of an organism.  The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment. It encompasses the study of ecosystems, biodiversity, and environmental conservation.  The study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments. It focuses on understanding the mechanisms, ecological significance, and evolution of behavior.  The study of heredity and variation in organisms. It involves understanding how genes are transmitted and expressed, and how they influence traits and behaviors.  the study of tissues, which are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. It involves examining the microscopic structure of tissues and their organization within organs.  The study of organisms in the ocean and other marine bodies of water. It involves the exploration of marine ecosystems and the life forms that inhabit them.  The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It focuses on their biology, ecology, and roles in health and disease.  The study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, and their uses in medicine and food. It also involves understanding fungal diseases and their impact on humans and plants.  The study of diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. It involves understanding the biology of cancer cells, developing and administering treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, and providing supportive care to improve the quality of life for patients.  The study of fossils and ancient life forms. It provides insights into the history of life on Earth and the processes that have shaped evolution.  The study of parasites and their interactions with host organisms. It focuses on the biology, ecology, and control of parasitic diseases.  The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. It involves understanding how organs and systems work, both individually and together.  The study of classifying and naming organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It involves organizing species into hierarchical categories to better understand the diversity of life on Earth.  The study of viruses and viral diseases. It focuses on the structure, classification, and evolution of viruses, as well as their methods of infection and replication.  The study of animals, including their biology, behavior, physiology, classification, and distribution. It covers a wide range of animal species and their interactions with ecosystems.  The study of insects and their relationships to humans, the environment, and other organisms. It includes the study of insect physiology, behavior, and ecology.  The study of reptiles and amphibians. It includes their ecology, behavior, physiology, and conservation. Reptiles have scales, while amphibians have thin, smooth skin. Snakes, turtles, and lizards are reptiles. Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts are amphibians.  The study of birds, including their physiology, behavior, and ecology. It involves the conservation and management of bird species and their habitats.  The study of fish, including their biology, physiology, and ecology. It covers both freshwater and marine species and their roles in ecosystems.