Introduction to Animal Science Course Pack PDF

Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 1 COURSE OVERVIEW This course is intended to introduce students to the various aspects of animal science, through an exploration of the animal industries, the roles that animals serve in society, and how cultur...

Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 1 COURSE OVERVIEW This course is intended to introduce students to the various aspects of animal science, through an exploration of the animal industries, the roles that animals serve in society, and how cultural background (indigenous and non-indigenous) may influence the interactions that occur between humans, animals, and their environment. Through practical activities, students will begin to develop an appreciation of animal management and safe handling techniques, including the parts and functions of the body, nutrition, genetics, reproduction, production, slaughtering, processing, and marketing. Emphasis will be placed on the best evidence-based practices regarding the maintenance, health, and welfare of farm animals. Students will also begin to develop skills in scientific communication, critical thinking and inquiry in the context of animal science. To deliver the desired outcomes of this course, there will be six modules included in the course pack that include: Module 1: Introduction Module 2: Anatomy and Physiology 1 Module 3: Anatomy and Physiology 2 Module 4: Animal Nutrition Module 5: Genetics and Livestock Improvement Module 6: Slaughtering, Processing, and Marketing of Farm Animals After completing all modules, learners are expected to: Explain the significance of animal science as a field in agriculture Describe the basic concepts and principles of animal physiology, breeding, nutrition, slaughtering, processing and marketing of animal products as they relate to animal productivity Demonstrate basic skills in formulating simple animal rations, slaughtering animals and processing of products Students are encouraged to engage in all the activities prescribed in all lessons as this will facilitate learning. Also, it is expected that discipline, time-management, and honesty be observed at all times since the course pack is self-paced. Try to set aside study time for yourself every day; a little time each day is usually much more productive than trying to cram at the last minute. Your success in this course depends to a great extent on you. Good luck! Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 2 Table of Contents Course Overview ________________________________________________________2 Module 1 – Introduction by Hyde D. Nadela, Ph.D. ___________________________5 Lesson 1. Man, Animal and the Environment _______________________________6 Lesson 2. Development and Chalenges of the Animal Industry ________________13 Module 2 – Anatomy and Physiology I by Hyde D. Nadela, Ph.D. _______________21 Lesson 1. The Integumentary System ____________________________________22 Lesson 2. The Skeletal System _________________________________________25 Lesson 3. The Muscular System ________________________________________30 Lesson 4. The Nervous System ________________________________________34 Lesson 5. The Cardiovascular System ___________________________________39 Lesson 6. The Respiratory System _____________________________________45 Module 2 – Anatomy and Physiology II by Shirley S. Villanueva, Ph.D. ___________51 Lesson 1. The Endocrine System _______________________________________52 Lesson 2. Body Temperature Regulation _________________________________62 Lesson 3. The Reproductive System ____________________________________69 Lesson 4. The Excretory System _______________________________________78 Lesson 5. The Digestive System _______________________________________82 Module 3 – Animal Nutrition by Jonash A. Bunda, MSA and Shirley S. Villanueva, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________94 Lesson 1. Introduction to Animal Nutrition ______________________________95 Lesson 2. Classes of Nutrients, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms _________107 Lesson 3. Digestion, Absorption & Metabolism __________________________129 Lesson 4. Nutrient Requirements of Farm Animals, Feeds and Feed Formulation _____________________________________________________________________141 Module 4 – Animal Breeding and Livestock Improvement by Angie Poliquit, Ph.D. __155 Lesson 1. Genes and their Role in the Animal Productivity __________________163 Lesson 2. The Mechanics of Inheritance ________________________________169 Lesson 3. Gene in Population _________________________________________174 Lesson 4. Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Genetic Improvement of Animals 184 Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 3 Module 5 – Slaughtering, Processing and Marketing of Farm Animals by Fryan Allen Subong, MSA __________________________________________________________154 Lesson 1. Slaughtering and Fabrication _________________________________155 Lesson 2. Composition of Meat, Milk and Eggs __________________________165 Lesson 3. Basic Principles of Proper Handling and Processing of Meat and Milk 175 Lesson 4. Marketing of Livestock and Livestock Products __________________183 Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 4 Module No. & Module 1: INTRODUCTION Title Module "Be fertile and multiply, Overview fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air and overall the living things that move on earth' God also said, "See, I give you every seed-bearing plant all over the earth and every tree that has seed-bearing fruit on it to be your food; and to all the animals of the https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/bible-study/why-should-you-read-the-book-of-genesis-in-the-bible.html land, all the birds of the air and all the living creatures that crawl on the ground, I give all the green plants for food." Genesis 1:28-29 Hello dear students, in this module, you will be introduced to animals' role in humans and how they interrelate and impact the environment; the many products utilities food animals provide. The coverage also includes the development of the animal industry, its current status, and the many challenges in both the Philippines and world setting. So better get ready and be amazed by the many facets of animal science. Module This module aims to: Objectives/Out Describe the interrelationship and role of plants, animals, and comes man in the ecological system. Discuss the developments of the animal industry. Compare the extent of development of the swine, poultry, small and large ruminants’ industry in the Philippines to the world. Lessons in the Lesson 1: Man, Animals, and Ecosystem module Lesson 2: Development and Challenges of the Agriculture Industry Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 5 Module No. Module 1: INTRODUCTION and Title Lesson No. Lesson 1: Man, Animals, and Ecosystem and Title Learning After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: Outcomes Define animal science and all its allied sciences. Discuss the relationship of man, animals, and the ecosystem Determine the contributions of livestock to ecological services Discuss the impact of livestock production on the environment Time Frame 1 hour Introduction Welcome to lesson 1 of module 1! This lesson introduces you to the man's role in relation to plants and animals. As an animal specialist/scientist in the future, you must know and understand the history and sciences behind the ecosystem. Lesson 1 provides you with reading activities and analysis to deepen your understanding and connectivity about man, animals, and ecosystems. It is also essential to express your thoughts and beliefs about the animal ecosystem and share them with the class. So, enjoy and start reading! Activity Let’s Review! A food chain is an order that shows the flow of energy from one organism to the other. In a community which has producers, consumers, and decomposers, the energy flows in a specific pathway. Energy is not created or destroyed. But it flows from one level to the other, through different organisms. A network of food chains existing together in an ecosystem is known as food web and generally a graphical representation what-eats-what in an ecological community. Create a food web by connecting arrows among the organisms in the picture below. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 6  Source:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720346702 Analysis Let’s Do the Math! ▪ List down each of the food chain you have created. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ▪ Group the organisms into producers and consumers. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ▪ Do you agree that energy is neither created nor destroyed along the food chain? Support your answer? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Abstraction What is Animal Science? Animal Science is the study of the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 7  The combination of disciplines that together comprise the study of domestic animals Described as the production and management of farm animals. Livestock are animals kept on a farm such as cow, sheep, pig, goat, or chicken. Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept for eggs and meat. Disciplines under Animal Science Genetics- the science of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. Animal breeding - the use of biometry and genetics to improve farm animal production. Animal Nutrition- the study of nutrients and how the body uses them. Animal Physiology - the study of the physical and chemical processes of an animal or any of the animal's body systems or cells. Animal Health - is the study of how diseases, parasites, and environmental factors affect productivity and animal welfare. Meat science - the science of handling, distributing, and marketing meat and meat products. Dairy product science – the science of providing milk and milk products as food. Biotechnology - a collective set of tools and applications of living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses. Man, Animal and Ecosystem In the beginning, man did not have to cultivate the land nor her animals for his food. Fruits on the trees, eggs in the nest were plentiful waiting only to be gathered, Animals on the range, and fish in the water waiting to be caught. But in the course of his existence, the man felt that nature's bounty was not enough to satisfy him. He decided that somehow, he had to have control over its production. He cultivated that land and herded animals for his food. But even as he worked hard on the land, a famine came. People went hungry, and many perished. As part of the ecological milieu, man and animals had much to do with it. In an ecosystem, plants' and animals' continued growth depends on maintaining the balance between the food producers (plants) and the food consumers (animal and man). Plants, through their photosynthetic activity, convert the sun's energy into carbohydrates and fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 8  convert them into proteins together with the other elements of the air, water, and soil. Plants are, therefore, producers of energy and protein foods. Animals, on the other hand, directly or indirectly consume plants for their energy, growth, and reproduction. As consumers, some animals feed only on plants (herbivores). Some feed on other animals only (carnivores), and some feed on both plants and animals (omnivores). Man is omnivorous. While animals return part of the nutrients that they consume back to the soil and eventually to the plants, they are much less than what they withdraw from the plants. Much of the energy taken in by animals from the plants is dissipated to the atmosphere during respiration. Thus, for a given land area, the animal population's growth could introduce an imbalance in the ecosystem in a way that could deplete the vegetation. In a system where animals are produced in a pastoral system and where the regrowth of vegetation is left entirely to nature, the land could be easily over-grazed to the extent that animals continue to reproduce and increase in number is not allowed to recover its average growth. Indeed, in many parts of the world, which used to be lush vegetation areas, have become deserts. Aside from plants, animals are also sources of food energy for man. But because of the dissipation of energy in the process of conversion of plants and other feedstuffs into products, animals are poor producers of food. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 9  Solar Energy Water Heat Loss to Environment Gaseous Products to PRODUCERS Atmosphere Photosynthesizing Plants Atmospheric Nitrogen Soil Nutrients Fixed N2 Humus Nitrogen Fixing DECOMPOSERS Bacteria Dead Animals Leached Nutrients Excreta to Soil Respired Gases Heat Loss from to Atmosphere CONSUMERS Herbivores Body to the Environment Carnivores Omnivores Fig. 1. Interrelationship of the various components of the ecosystem. Picture Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/decomposers-lesson-for-kids- definition-examples.html Animal Contribution to Ecosystem Services Livestock plays a unique role in providing ecosystem services and is an essential part of many agro-ecosystems. A. Provisioning services - are the products people obtain from ecosystems. Livestock provides one-third of humanity's protein intake and 13 percent of all calories. Meat, milk, eggs, dairy products, and edible offal supply essential protein, vitamins, and other micronutrients. Well-adapted breeds of ruminants provide food security for people and livelihoods. Animals such as poultry and pigs recycle crop residues and waste into nutritionally valuable foods. In developing countries, up to 2 billion people utilized animals for transportation and draught power. About 15 percent of the nutrients applied as crop fertilizer worldwide came from animal manure and used as fuel in cooking stoves and biogas production. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 10  The clothing industry relies on skins and fibers of animal origin, with particular breeds providing products with unique qualities. The global livestock gene pool serves as a model for adapting and improving our food production systems. Animal-derived biochemicals derived from animals are utilized for research and medical applications. B. Regulating services are the benefits humans obtain from the internal ecosystem processes that regulate our environment, such as soil fertility. Browsing and grazing can increase land cover, plant productivity, and biodiversity, reduces soil erosion, positive effects on water infiltration and filtering, and increases grassland's ability to capture carbon. Livestock plays a role in maintaining firebreaks or helps control invasive species and weeds in rangelands while reducing avalanches' risk in mountainous areas. Livestock recycle waste, fibrous vegetation, and crop residues into readily available nutrients for human use and organic matter for soil formation and plant growth. Livestock distribute nutrients contained in urine and dung as they roam around. In mixed farming systems, livestock recycle waste and excess biomass into valuable plant nutrition and useful produce. Certain breeds are adapted to dry areas. Others can survive in frigid climates or have the ability to navigate steep and rocky terrain. C. Supporting and habitat services - supporting services underpin other ecosystem services. Habitat services refer to the role ecosystems play in providing habitats for wild plants and animals and maintaining healthy gene pools. In grassland landscapes, livestock grazing can be vital in maintaining habitats for wild plants and animals by altering the vegetation. Their selective feeding can help grow or allow access to plant species and parts preferred by wildlife (feed facilitation). D. Cultural services- are the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through recreation, spiritual enrichment, aesthetic experiences, cognitive development, a collective or individual sense of belonging, reflection, and inspiration. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 11  Livestock infer social status and represent a socio-economic safety-net. Animals as gifts, play a significant part in human relations and social events such as weddings, funerals, and rites of passage. Animal sacrifice and the consumption of blood, milk, and meat play a part in religious ceremonies. Specific livestock species and breeds are identified with some people's cultural identity, a bond that features in creation stories and oral histories. Indigenous breed products that have particular tastes or textures feature prominently in many local cuisines. Ponies, horses, donkeys, camels, and cattle provide for many educational and recreational activities and are sometimes used to attract tourists, either directly or as part of tourist destinations' identity. Indigenous livestock species and breeds are associated with unique knowledge systems and management practices, accumulated over countless generations. Environment Impact of Livestock Production Deforestation The livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land. Grazing occupies 26 percent of the Earth's terrestrial surface, while feed crop production requires about a third of all arable land. Expansion of grazing land for livestock is a critical factor in deforestation, especially in Latin America: some 70 percent of previously forested land in the Amazon is used as pasture. About 70 percent of all grazing land in dry areas is considered degraded, mostly because of overgrazing, compaction, and erosion attributable to livestock activity. Global Warming Livestock are responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, a more significant share than transport. It accounts for nine percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions due to the expansion of pastures and arable land for feed crops. It generates even bigger shares of emissions of other gases with more significant potential to warm the atmosphere: as much as 37 percent of anthropogenic methane, mostly from enteric fermentation by ruminants, and 65 percent of anthropogenic nitrous oxide, mostly from manure. Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 12  Water Pollution Livestock production also impacts the world's water supply heavily, accounting for more than 8 percent of global human water use, mainly for the irrigation of feed crops. Evidence suggests it is the largest sectoral source of water pollutants, principally animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, chemicals from tanneries, fertilizers, and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded pastures. The sector also generates almost two-thirds of anthropogenic ammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain and ecosystems' acidification. Loss of Biodiversity The sheer quantity of animals being raised for human consumption also poses a threat to the Earth's biodiversity. Livestock account for about 20 percent of the total terrestrial animal biomass and the land area they now occupy was once habitat for wildlife. In 306 of the 825 terrestrial eco-regions identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature, livestock are identified as "a current threat," while 23 of Conservation International's 35 "global hotspots for biodiversity" - characterized by severe levels of habitat loss - are affected by livestock production. Application Watch the video on “The Environmental Impact of Livestock” by following the link https://youtu.be/VGJduwENNw4. Make a reaction paper on how you can mitigate the impact of livestock farming on the environment. Closure Well-done! So, you have completed the activities and tasks for lesson 1. It is expected that you have gained insights and meaningful experience. Now, you are already prepared to move to lesson 2 of this module. Enjoy and keep working! Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 13