ANS001-intro.pdf

ANS001 Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE (Topic discussions were adopted from lecture notes published by IAS, UPLB and from online videos of selected...

ANS001 Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE (Topic discussions were adopted from lecture notes published by IAS, UPLB and from online videos of selected college professors in the Philippines) Objectives:  By the end of this chapter, students are expected to be able to:  Define and discuss animal science  Discuss the relationship between human, environment and economy Man, Animals and Ecosystems  Man’s role in relation to plants and animals is beautifully defined in Genesis 1:28-29 of the Holy Bible when God said to Adam and Eve:  “Be fertile and multiply, fill the earth and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air and over all the living things that move on earth.” God also said, “see , I give you every seed-bearing plant all over the earth and every tree that has seed- bearing fruit on it to be your food; and to all the birds of the air and all the living creatures that crawl on the ground, I give all the green plants for food.”  Plants are food producers while animals and man are the food consumers.  Animals return part of the nutrients they consume but much less than what is withdrawn from the plants, hence there’s an imbalance. What is Animal Science?  Animal Science is the scientific study of farm animals (their biology)  A study of animals under human control  It is a science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep and swine  Animal husbandry is the art of working with farm animals.  Is also concerned with foods of animal origin like meat, dairy and eggs. What do you learn when you study Animal Science?  You will have an in-depth knowledge of the following:  Animal health  Animal care and management  Animal breeding  Livestock production  Animal nutrition  Processing and marketing of animal products Early Domestication  Humans began domesticating animals more than 10,000 years ago beginning with dogs.  Ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats) were the first food animals to be domesticated followed by pigs, possibly to dispose of table scraps and waste products  Horses and cattle were domesticated primarily for transportation and draft work purposes.  Early people found animals that form large herds or flocks and eat a wide variety of feeds are easier to domesticate. Early Domestication  Domestication involves more than simply taming. Animals are considered to be domesticated when:  They are kept for a distinct purpose  Humans control their breeding  Their survival depends on humans  They develop traits that are not found in the wild Early Domestication  Domestication allowed humans to:  Contain animals with right temperament  Have a steady food supply  Use animals for companionship, religious purposes and draft work  In return, the animals received protection and a constant food supply  Selective breeding occurred as humans got rid of animals with undesirable traits, not allowing them to reproduce. SHEEP - Domesticated 11,000-15,000 years ago  Domesticated in the mountains of Southeast Europe and Central/Southwest Asia. These areas include the countries of: Greece, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Hungary, Uzbekistan, Syria, Yugoslavia, Turkemenistan, Iraq, Romania, Tajikistan, Bulgaria, Afghanistan and Iran  Favorable because of their wool and meat for which they are still used and bred today  Because of selective breeding for traits and other results of domestication, sheep are the only species or livestock that would be unable to return to the wild. CATTLE – domesticated 10,000-15,000 years ago  Domesticated near the boundary of Europe and Asia and/or Southwest Asia  This area includes the countries of Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria, Moldavia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq  In the beginning, cattle were used mainly for meat, milk and labor but eventually were replaced by horse in most of the draft work. PIGS – Domesticated 5,000-9,000 years ago  Pigs were first domesticated in the Middle East (Mesopotamia) in countries such as Syria, Iraq and Turkey and then spread across Asia, Europe and Africa.  Pigs were utilized more in settled farming communities than in nomadic groups because they are difficult to move for long distance. HORSES – domesticated approx. 5,000 years ago  Horses were domesticated in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. This area includes the countries of Mongolia and Siberia.  Originally, horses were used for meat and milk but eventually became useful as pack and draft animals. Animal Domestication  GOATS The goat was among the earliest animals to be domesticated, around 6000-7000 B.C. in Western Asia. The goat could easily revert to its wild state  CHICKENS Chickens were known in China more than 3,400 years ago and also in Southeast Asia (China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Burma)  TURKEYS The turkey is the only North American domestic animal and was domesticated in middle North America Importance of Animals to Society  We have to remember that we are the caretakers and beneficiaries of animals and livestock production  Animals have many contributions to the human population, primarily for : 1. Food  mutton and chevon are eaten by more people than any other meat  Beef is eaten in larger quantities than any other meat  Certain religions restrict beef and pork consumption  Hindi do not eat beef  Muslim, Hindi and Orthodox Jews don’t eat pork  Many people eat horsemeat  Goats, ewes, cattle, mares, sows, llamas, camels, reindeer and yaks provide milk and milk products. Importance of Animals to Society 2. Clothing  Wool, hair, hides (leather) and pelts have commonly been used for clothing  Even today, in more than 100 countries, ruminant fibers such as hair and wool are used in the manufacture of clothing, bedding, housing and carpets 3. Shelter  Hair and hides provide material for shelter. For example, hides are used in teepees while hair is used in plaster (horsehair plaster) Importance of Animals to Society 4. Tools  Early man relied on bones and hides for tools 5. Personal items  humans use anima products or by-products for jewelry and perfume 6. Power  Draft work, packing and transporting humans  Moving goods 7. War  Animals were used in war for transportation and power Importance of Animals to Society 8. Recreation  Companionship and hobbies or sports such as horseback riding 9. Religion  Some societies worship animals 10. Health  Laboratory animals are commonly used for research.  Miniature pigs have been used in laboratory research because they closely resemble to humans in their pulmonary, cardiac, dental and even in their prenatal brain development.  Use of animal products in pharmaceuticals. Livestock and Poultry Sector  Fastest growing sub-sector in agriculture  which accounts 40% of the global value of production  Contributes 13% of total food energy  28% dietary protein consumption of meat, milk, eggs and offals. Livestock and Poultry Sector  Largest meat producers:  50 years ago: Europe & North America (from 42 & 25% to 19 & 15%, respectively)  Now: Asia (from 12% to 40-45%)  Demand for livestock and poultry:  In sub Saharan and South Asia – from 200 kcal/person/day (year 2000) to projected 400 kcal/person/day in year 2050.  Increasing demand in developing countries were attributed rapidly increasing income and urbanization combined with underlying population growth and also due to trade liberalization. Livestock and Poultry Sector  Philippine livestock industry  Principal contributors of protein: hogs (47%), chicken (42%), cattle and carabao (8%); other livestock species raised in the country are goats and ducks.  Hogs and Chickens  Relies heavily on commercially mixed feeds; intensive farming  Located close to urban centers.  Cattle and Carabao  Subsist on grasses and roughages  Raised by smallholders in the rural areas So what’s the challenge?  To meet the demand of the human population for food and other essential products from animals which is safe and of good quality, in the most economical and efficient system of production without endangering our environment.