Introduction to Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy «Anatomia Humana» (Human Anatomy) examines the normal morphology and structure of the human body the term, Anatomy; Anatemnein (Grek.) Ana = to remove, to take out Temnein, tome = to cut, divide into...

Introduction to Human Anatomy «Anatomia Humana» (Human Anatomy) examines the normal morphology and structure of the human body the term, Anatomy; Anatemnein (Grek.) Ana = to remove, to take out Temnein, tome = to cut, divide into pieces. Branches of Anatomy; Gross anatomy: is the study of macroscopic structures. You can observe structures by naked eye. Microscopic anatomy: is the study of microscopic structures. (cytology, histology) Developmental anatomy: is the study of human anatomy from the zygote stage to the adult stage [Embryology, Adult anatomy, Geriatric anatomi]. Phylogenetic anatomy: is about the shape and size of structures of the human body at various evolutionary stages. Systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, respiratory, nervous, digestive, circulatory ect. Topographic anatomy is the study of human anatomy that divides body into regions. Head, neck, back, abdomen, thorax, pevis etc. (Clinical anatomy, applied anatomy, Radiologic anatomy, cross sectionla anatomy, Surface anatomy, surgical anatomy) Other types: Artistic anatomy, Sportive anatomy, Popular anatomy etc.  Methods for Anatomy: Methods for dead body: Dissection: Lat. dissectio = to make incision, to cut, to cut in pieces. Consevation: Lat. conservatio = to conserve. Injection: Lat. injectio = to inject. Methods for both dead body and alive body: Inspection: Lat. inspectio, inspectare = to observe. Palpation: Lat. palpatio, palpare = to palpate Percussion: Lat. Percussio, percutare = tapping body with fingers. Radiologic methods: Lat. radio = ray, beam, Gr. graphia = graphic Mesaurement methods: Morphometry; Gr. morpho = shape, metria = to mesaure Anthropometry; Gr. Anthropos = human methond for only alive body: Auscultation: Lat. Auscultatio, auscultare = to listen Sintigrafi: also known as a gamma scan radioisotopes attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue are taken internally and the emitted gamma radiation is captured by external detectors. Electrocardiography (ECG) collects signals from heart Electromyography (EMG) collects signals form muscles Electroencephalography (EEG) collects signals from brain Endoscopic methods: Rhinoscopia; observing iinside of nose Otoscopia; observing inside of ear Coloscopia; observing inside of colon Cystoscopia; observing inside of uninary bladder Bronchoscopia; observing inside of trachea Gastroscopia; observing inside the stomach  Normal Anatomic Position: (Positio anatomica normalis) All descriptions of the human body are based on anatomic position. A person who is standing erect, with the upper limbs bu the sides and the face and palms of the hands directed forward. This person is in anatomic position.  Planes; Anatomic Planes: 1-Sagittal plane (planum sagittalia): this is a vertical plane passing trough the body. If it divides body into two equal halves its name is median sagittal plane the name of planes that are parallel to median sagittal plane are paramedian plane 2-Coronal (Frontal) Plane (planum frontalia, planum coronalia): is a vertical plane situated at a right angle to the median plane 3- Horizontal plane: Lies at right angle to both the median and the coronal planes. Horizontal plane divides the bpdy into upper and lower parts. Transvers plane: lies perpendicular to the long axis oa a structure and divides structure in a cross-sectional orientation. tansverse and horizontal planes are often used interchangeably but not equivalent. think about «foot» Important to explain how locomotor system works 1- Vertical axis (axis verticalis): is an vertical axis that enables rotation movement 2- Transverse axis (axis transversalis): is an transverse axis that enables flexion and extention movements. 3- Sagittal axis (axis sagittalis):is an axis passing trough in sagittal direction. Enables abduction and adduction movements General terms ( Nomina Generalia); Anterior: indicates front of the body Posterior: indicates back of the body Superior: denotes level relatively high with reference to the upper end of the body Inferior: denotes level relatively low with reference to the lower end of the body Medial: if a structure situated nearer to the median plane, it is medial. Lateral: if a structure situated farther away from the median plane, it is lateral. Intermediate: means between two structure. Median: a structure that is on the midline Apical: means end point of a structure Basal: is a structure at the base Central: is a structure in the center Peripheral: means away from the center Internal: is inside the structure External: is outside the structure  Proximalis: is closer to the core. Distalis: is further to the core. Vertical: Horizontal: Superficial: is closer to the surface of the body Profound (deep): farther away from the surface of the body Palmaris: indicates palm Plantaris: sole of the foot Dexter: right Sinister: left Transversal: a structure situated transverse Longitudinal: in a direction parallel with a thing's length. Longus: long. Brevis: short. Superior Inferior Cranial Caudal Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Ventral Dorsal.  Positions and Directions Prone: a position that is laying face downward Supine: a position that is laying on the back Unilateral: if two strucures are on the same side Bilateral: if two structures are on different sides Ipsilateral Contralateral  Terms Related to Movements; Flexion: is the movement which a joint angle is decreased (closed). Extension: is the opposite movement in which the joint angle is increased (opened) Adduction: is movement toward the midline Abduction: is movement away from the midline Invertion: is turning the sole of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction Evertion: is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction Rotation: is movement of a part of the bodyaround its log axis Pronation: is turning the forearm medially in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly Supination: is turning the forearm laterally from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly Opposition: Reposition: Circumduction: addüksiyon + abdüksiyon + fleksiyon + ekstensiyon. Protraction Retraction: öne ve arkaya hareket. Elevation Depressio: yukarı ve aşağıya hareket.  Rotation: Dönme, döndürme Flexion : Bükme, bükülme External Rotation: Dışa Extention: Germe, gerilme döndürme İnternal Rotation: İçe döndürme Circumduction: Yukarıdaki dört hareketin kombine yapılmasına denir