Anatomy and Histology for Nursing Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

Anatomy and Histology for Nursing Introduction to human Anatomy Lecturer: Rima Altaweel  Definition Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function...

Anatomy and Histology for Nursing Introduction to human Anatomy Lecturer: Rima Altaweel  Definition Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences.  level of structural organization Chemicals (Atom) Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Subdisciplines of Anatomy  Regional Names Head Neck Upper limb Lower limb Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Back  Body systems Skeletal system Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive (Gastrointestinal) system Cardiovascular system Nervous system Urinary system Reproductive system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Integumentary (skin) system  The medical words (terms) composed from: word root and suffix or prefix Word Root……..Origin of the word. eg: Gastr = Stomach Prefix …….word beginning Suffix ………Word ending. Gastr / ic……… Related to stomach. Gastr / it is……….Inflammation of stomach. Gastr / ectomy…..Removal. ………/ Logy……….Science 8  Prefix Word beginning Epi Above eg: Epi/gastr /ic Hypo Below eg: Hypo/gastr /ic Anti Against eg: Anti/bio /tic A NON eg: A/vascular Combining Vowel Joining the word root to another word or to the suffix. [Usually O] eg: Gastr /o/logy = Gastrology Gastr /o/intestinal = Gastrointestinal Gastr /o/ hepatic = Gastrohepatic 9  Basic Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position - The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures - All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the anatomical position to ensure that descriptions are not ambiguous. This anatomical position is adopted worldwide for giving anatomico-medical descriptions.  Standing erect Head facing forward Eyes forward legs parallel, feet and big toes straight forward Arms at the sides Palms facing forward  Body Planes and sections: Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body or organs. Sagittal plane: a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. Transverse (horizontal) plane: a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower parts. Coronal (frontal) section: a plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts. Sagittal Coronal Transverse Directional terms Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.  Term Definition Superior or Cranial ‫علوي‬ Inferior or caudal ‫سفلي‬ Anterior or Ventral ‫أمامي‬ Posterior or Dorsal ‫خلفي‬ Medial )‫انسي (نحو الجذع‬ Lateral )‫وحشي (بعيد عن الجذع‬ Proximal ‫قريب‬ Distal ‫بعيد‬ Superficial ‫سطحي‬ Deep ‫عميق‬ Palmar ‫راحي‬ Plantar ‫أخمصي‬ Ipsilateral ‫على نفس الجهة‬ Contralateral ‫على الجهة المعاكسة‬ Terms Related to Movements Angular movements: Movements produced by changing the angle between the bones of a joint. Terms Related to Movements Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect internal organs Cavity Examples of organs POSTERIOR Cranial cavity Brain CAVITIES Vertebral Canal Spinal cord Thoracic cavity Lungs, trachea, esophagus, heart, large vessels ANTERIOR Abdominal Stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine CAVITIES cavity Pelvic cavity Urinary bladder, uterus, ovaries, prostate, seminal vesicles