Nursing Introduction to Anatomy 2024-2025 PDF

Introduction to Anatomy Sami Algaidi, MD, PhD [email protected]  Introduction to Anatomy Lecture ILOs 1- Define the anatomical position, the major planes of sections, and the primary terms of direction used in anatomical descriptions. 2- Define the...

Introduction to Anatomy Sami Algaidi, MD, PhD [email protected]  Introduction to Anatomy Lecture ILOs 1- Define the anatomical position, the major planes of sections, and the primary terms of direction used in anatomical descriptions. 2- Define the primary movements utilized in anatomical descriptions. Essential Resources: 1. Lecture Extra Resources 2. Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions. Wolters Klumer, 10th Edition, 2019, Chapter 1, Pages: 1-14. 3. Grays Anatomy For Students. Elsevier Inc, 4th Edition, 2020, Chapter 1  Definitions Anatomy: – it is the study of the structures of the body. Macroscopic Anatomy is the study of the structures that can be seen grossly (without the aid of magnification) Microscopic Anatomy is the study of cells and tissues using a microscope. Sometimes called “Histology”  Why do we study Anatomy? Understanding of a patient’s disease and Management – Physical examination. – Radiology. – Procedures. Communication of the medical team.  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Position – Standing erect and facing forward – Upper limbs are by the sides, the palms of the hands are directed forward – Lower limbs are together, the soles of the feet are on the ground, and the toes are pointing forward. – All directional and movement descriptions are based on this body position. 1. Anatomical Planes (surfaces) – Three Geometric planes Horizontal or transverse (superior &inferior) Sagittal (right &left) Coronal (Anterior & posteriorr; derived from the word corona i.e., Crown of the queen)  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Locations – Anterior & Posterior (Ventral & Dorsal) Coronal plane – Superior & Inferior (Cranial & Caudal) Horizontal plane – Medial & Lateral Sagittal plane – Proximal & Distal Closer to or farther from a structure’s origin, particularly in the limbs – Superficial & Deep Used to describe the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Locations – External & Internal Used to describe the positions relative to the center of a structure or space. – Ipsilateral & Contralateral Used to describe the positions relative to a reference side of the body. – Afferent & Efferent Used to describe the direction of the flow relative to a reference point. – Supine & Prone Used to describe the direction of the face when lying down – Palmar & Dorsal (= anterior & posterior) Used in describing the hand – Plantar & Dorsal Used in describing the foot  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Movements – Flexion & Extension In flexion the joint angle decreases (closed) In extension the joint angle increases (open or straighten). – Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion (in the foot only) Dorsiflexion lifting the top of the foot superiorly; equivalent to extension Plantar flexion moving the sole inferiorly; equivalent to flextion  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Movements – Abduction & Adduction Abduction is a movement away from the midline of the body Adduction is a movement towards towards the midline of the body – Eversion & Inversion (in the foot only) Eversion: the sole faces the lateral direction Inversion: the sole faces the medial direction – Medial & Lateral rotation Medial (internal) rotation results in the anterior surface of the part faces medially Lateral (external) rotation results in the anterior surface of the part faces laterally  Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Movements – Pronation & Supination (mainly in the forearm) Pronation is turning the forearm medially in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly supination is turning the forearm laterally from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly – Protraction & Retraction (e.g., jaw) Protraction: moving a body part forward Retraction: moving a body part backward