Introduction (1).pdf

Introduction to human anatomy RAKCOP 2024 Dr Abdalla A E Elamin Dr Abdalla Ahmed Elamin  The definition of anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of body and the physical relationships involved between body systems.  Introduction to anatomy Kinds: – Gross Ana...

Introduction to human anatomy RAKCOP 2024 Dr Abdalla A E Elamin Dr Abdalla Ahmed Elamin  The definition of anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of body and the physical relationships involved between body systems.  Introduction to anatomy Kinds: – Gross Anatomy – Microscopic Anatomy – Developmental Anatomy – Comparative Anatomy  Gross Anatomy Definition: – That which can be seen with the naked eye Kinds: – Regional: body studied by region (Upper limb , Lower limb , Thorax , Abdomen , Pelvis, Head and neck and Back ) – Systematic: body studied by system e.g nervous system , muscular system , respiratory system ……etc  Microscopic Anatomy Definition: – The study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope – Kinds: – Cytology: The study of cells – Histology: The study of tissues – Organology: The study of organs  Developmental Anatomy Definition: – The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle Kinds: – Embryology: The study of prenatal development – Postnatal development: The study of structures after birth  STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism  Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism – made up of the organ systems  Anatomical position The anatomical position: is a specific body position in which an individual:- –standing upright –Head facing forward –eyes facing forward –feet flat on the floor –arms at the sides –palms turned forward Anatomical planes  Anatomical Planes 1. Midsagittal plane (median or Midline): is the vertical plane, divides the body into two equal halves 2. Parasagittal planes: is the vertical plane, parallel to midsagittal plane , divides the body into unequal halves 3. Coronal plane: is the vertical divides the body into anterior and posterior parts 4. Transverse Planes: horizontal plane divides the body into Upper and lower parts  Supine and prone position The supine position the body is lying on the back. The prone position The body is lying downward.  Body Cavities 2 Principal Body Cavities and their Subdivisions  Anatomical Terminology Terms Related To Position Anterior and Posterior Anterior : front of body e.g the sternum is anterior to the heart. Posterior : back of body e.g the heart is posterior to the sternum.  Superior and Inferior Superior: towards the head, Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior: Toward the feet. Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body  Medial and Lateral Medial: towards the median Plane. Lateral: away from median Plane.  Proximal and Distal Proximal: Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Distal: Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb  Superficial and Deep Superficial: Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure. Deep: Refers to a structure being closer to the interior cenre of the body than another structure.  Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral and Contralateral Unilateral: Pertaining to one side of the body. Bilateral: Pertaining to both sides of the body. Ipsilateral: belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body Contralateral: belong to or occurring on different sides of the body.  Palmar and Plantar Palmar: refers to the palm or the anterior surface of the hand. Plantar: refers to the sole of the foot Terms related to Anatomical Movements Flexion : brings Ventral Surfaces together, Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones. Extension: away from Ventral Surfaces, Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones  Abduction and Adduction Abduction : Is the movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction: Is the movement towards the midline of the body.  Medial rotation and lateral rotation Rotation: Turning on a single axis Medial rotation : Internal rotation along vertical axis (rotation toward the midline) Lateral rotation: external rotation along vertical axis (rotation away from the midline)  Supination and Pronation Supination of the forearm: the palm of the hand facing anteriorly. Pronation of the forearm: the palm of the hand facing posteriorly. Opposition: Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.  Elevation and Depression Elevation : refers to movement in a superior direction Depression : refers to movement in a inferior direction  Protraction and Retraction Protraction: is to move anterior Retraction : Is to move posterior Lower jaw (mandible)  Inversion and Eversion Inversion: is the movement of the foot so sole of foot faces inwards. Eversion: is the movement of the foot so sole of foot faces outwards  Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion : refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly Plantarflexion : refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points more inferiorly  Circumduction Circumduction (Circular motion): Is the combination in sequence of the movement of flexion , extension, abduction and adduction. Thanks