Anatomy 1 Lecture 1 PDF

ANATOMY 1 Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Skin Dr. Enas Anwar Associate Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University 1 1) Identify the meaning of Anatomy and...

ANATOMY 1 Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Skin Dr. Enas Anwar Associate Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University 1 1) Identify the meaning of Anatomy and parts of the body. 2) Demonstrate the anatomical position 3) Describe the human body using directional terms. 4) Identify the planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy. 5) Describe the main structures of the skin. 6) Identify the types of fascia. 2 What does Anatomy teach? 3  Anatomy It is the study of the structure of the body. Anatomy comes from the Greek word (Anatome) which means to dissect or cut apart. 4  Anatomical position Reference Position in Anatomy A person standing upright, facing forward. Arms straight and hands held by the hips, palms facing forward. Feet parallel and toes pointing forward. 5 Supine position: means the body is lying flat on the back. Prone position: means the body is lying flat on the front with face downwards. 6 7  Anatomical Planes Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating slices of various organs and structures. Anatomical planes are used to locate or describe the location of structures in the body. These planes are often used to describe medical imaging such as CT scan and MRI. 8 MRI 9 Median (sagittal) plane is a Paramedian (parasagittal) vertical plane which passes plane is any vertical plane antero-posteriorly through parallel to the median plane the body in the middle line and divides the body into dividing it into two equal unequal right and left parts. right and left halves. 10 Coronal plane is a Horizontal (transverse) vertical plane that divides plane is a plane that divides the body into anterior the body into upper and and posterior parts. lower parts. 11 Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves? A. Coronal plane B. Sagittal plane C. Parasagittal plane D. Horizontal Plane 12 Choose the correct plane for each color -Red: (Sagittal-Horizontal-coronal) -Green:(Sagittal-Horizontal-coronal) -Blue:(Sagittal-Horizontal-coronal) 13  Directional terms ▪ Terms used to describe the position and relation between various structures. Pairs of opposites based on the standard anatomical position. 14 - Medial : means towards the median plane. - Lateral : means away from the median plane 15 - Superior (cranial): means towards the head. - Inferior (caudal): means towards the feet. 16 -Proximal: means close to the point of origin or trunk of the body. - Distal: means (away) far from the point of origin or the trunk. such as in the upper limb and lower limb Intermediate : in between 17 -Anterior (ventral) : means towards the front of the body. -Posterior (dorsal): means towards the back of the body. 18 - Superficial: means towards the surface of the body. - Deep: means away from the surface of the body. 19 -Ipsilateral: means of the same side of the body. -Contralateral : means of the opposite side of the body. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27  Anatomical terms of movement They are used to describe the changing in the position of a body part around a certain axis and in one of the anatomical planes. 28 Abduction / Adduction Adduction: moving toward the midline. Abduction: moving away from the midline. 29 Rotation Medial rotation: movement of ventral surface toward the Lateral rotation midline. (in forearm: pronation, so that Medial rotation palm faces backwards. Lateral rotation: movement of Pronation ventral surface away from the midline. Supination (in forearm: supination, so that palm faces forwards. 30 31  Flexion / Extension Flexion: approximation of ventral surfaces with decrease in the angle between them. Extension: ventral surfaces move away from each other with increase in the angle between them. Dorsiflexion (extension) and Plantar flexion (Flexion) They are terms used to describe movements at the ankle. They refer to the two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole). 32  Inversion: movement of foot so that the sole faces inwards. Eversion: movement of foot so that the sole faces outwards. Inversion Eversion 33 Elevation / Depression Elevation: moving up. Depression: moving down. Protraction / Retraction Protraction: moving anteriorly. Retraction: moving posteriorly. 34 Circumduction: Combined movement starting with flexion, then abduction, extension, and ending with adduction. 35 36 37 38 39 Abduction 40 Adduction 41 Extension 42 Flexion 43 44  Anatomical regions Head Neck Trunk : Thorax Abdomen Pelvis & external genitalia 45 Extremities : 1) Upper limb: Shoulder joint Arm Elbow joint Forearm Wrist joint Hand Fingers 2) Lower limb: Gluteal region Hip joint Thigh Knee joint Leg Ankle joint Foot Toes 46  The skin is considered the largest organ of the body The skin consists of 1-Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium. 2-Dermis: underlying connective tissue, which contains sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. below the dermis is the subcutaneous fat. 47  The fascia is the tissue that lies under the skin. It consists of two layers: Superficial fascia and deep fascia. A) Superficial fascia is a sheet of loose connective tissue beneath the skin, Superficial fascia is thicker in the trunk than in the limbs and becomes thinner peripherally. Superficial fascia layers can sometimes include muscle fibers. 48 B) Deep fascia is a condensed fibrous tissue which forms membrane under the superficial fascia that surrounds the muscles and from its deep surface septa pass between muscles It forms aponeuroses which provide protective function to deeper structures as in palms and soles. It is thickened around distal joints (e.g. wrist & ankle) to form strong bands called retinacula. 49 The deep fascia is absent in certain regions e.g. most of the face (for facial expressions) & anterior abdominal wall (for abdominal expansion). 50 Assignment I 51  True or false Contralateral means on the opposite side of the - body. { } -Abduction means moving away from the midline. { } -Retraction means moving anterior. { } 52 Identify the movements 53 Identify the planes 54 55 56 57 58 59 60