Intro to Psychology PDF

The Scope of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. A science is a body of systematized knowledge. The Origins of Psychology The word psychology comes from two Greek words: PSYCHE, which means mind or soul, and LOGOS, which means study. The...

The Scope of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. A science is a body of systematized knowledge. The Origins of Psychology The word psychology comes from two Greek words: PSYCHE, which means mind or soul, and LOGOS, which means study. The Origins of Psychology Greek philosophers were more interested in the functions of the mind and body, not in the mind in particular. Socrates was deeply interested in cognitive processes and the meaning of one’s existence. The Origins of Psychology All sciences including psychology, were originally part of philosophy. Beginning in the 17th century, proponents of empiricism (the view that knowledge should be derived from what is observable) The Origins of Psychology John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume – challenged the belief held by philosophers from Plato to Descartes that some knowledge is innate. The empiricists view that everything we know comes from experience. The mind, at birth, is like a tabula rasa, a blank slate, on which experience writes a life story. Birth and Growth of Psychology as a Science During the 1800s research in biology, physiology, chemistry, and physics got underway, leading to an interest in the behavior of both animals and humans. Physiologists investigated the structure and function of the nervous system; while physicists studied relationships between physical stimuli and the sensations they evoked. Birth and Growth of Psychology as a Science It was not until the first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 that psychology as a science began. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) established this first research laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Birth and Growth of Psychology as a Science In his work that first defined scientific psychology, Principles of Physiological Psychology, Wundt proclaimed “an alliance between two sciences, physiology and psychology, an alliance that resulted in a new science, physiological psychology. A. Historical Approaches Structuralism. Wundt and his followers undertook the study of psychology which to them consisted of the study of experience. They went about the study by trying to break down conscious experience into basic elements. They sought to identify the elements of thought through introspection (a method of “inward-looking”) and then determine how these elements combined to form the whole experience. Edward Titchener brought Wundt’s ideas to America. A. Historical Approaches Functionalism. William James, who was influenced by Darwin, influenced in turn the development of functionalism as a school of psychology. James emphasized that psychology must deal with the function of consciousness rather than with structure or content. A. Historical Approaches Gestalt Psychology. Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler, criticized Wundt on the grounds that introspection can be misleading. They founded Gestalt psychology (Gestalt means “unified whole” in German) insisting that experience is qualitatively different from the sum of the distinct elements of that experience. They rejected the notion that experiences can be broken down into elements. B. Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Psychology. Sigmund Freud an Austrian physician, was more fascinated by the way the mind influences behavior. He developed the psychoanalytic theory to explain the conflicts of our past and to provide a basic system of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychoanalyst uses techniques such as hypnosis, dream analysis, as well as free association. B. Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect the psychological struggles deeply- seated in the unconscious. Carl Jung – analytic psychology Alfred Adler – individual psychology Karen Horney – feminist personality theory Melanie Klein – object relations theory The first few years of life are important for later personality development, and that psychological methods can be used to change behavior. B. Contemporary Approaches Behavioral Psychology. Preoccupation of the consciousness would prevent psychology from ever becoming a true science. John B. Watson – published an article called Psychology as the Behaviorist View It where psychologists must ignore mental events and base psychology only on overt behavior – the kind of actions that are plainly visible. Ivan Pavlov – developed a concept of learning by using conditioning. B. F. Skinner – functional analysis of behavior helped explain how parental attention can inadvertently encourage children’s tantrums or how the occasional rewards can result in a virtual addiction to gambling. B. Contemporary Approaches Biological Approach. Understanding the structure and function of the nervous system. This knowledge is called biopsychology or physiological psychology. B. Contemporary Approaches Humanistic Approach. Also called phenomenological approach. According to humanist, people are neither driven by powerful, instinctive forces nor manipulated by their environments. They are active creatures who are innately good and capable of choice. B. Contemporary Approaches Cognitive Approach. Focuses on the mental processing of information. Jean Piaget – cognitive development in children. Noam Chomsky – language acquisition B. Contemporary Approaches Sociocultural Approach. Newest approach to psychology, that involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on the behavior and social functioning of people. Role of Theory in Psychology Theory is an integrated set of general principles designed to explain, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena. It is a valuable part of science. It serves three important functions: Scientific shorthand Predictor of facts Generate hypotheses for further investigation Research Methods in Psychology Naturalistic Observation – this is a research method in which the psychologist observes naturally occurring behavior with no attempt to change or interfere with it. Case Study – this research design involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual or a very small group or event. Experiment – it is a method done under controlled conditions, usually in the laboratory, that establishes cause and effect relationship between or among variables. Research Methods in Psychology Survey – this is a methods in which large numbers of persons answer questions about their behavior, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or intentions. Correlation method – this method determines the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. (+ - correlation) Goals of Psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Careers in Psychology Clinical Psychology Developmental/Educational Psychology IO Psychology Psychometrician The Birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino In the Philippines in the early 1900s, psychology was introduced as a subject separate from philosophy. The Department of Psychology was established for the first time at the School of Education in the University of the Philippines. Filipino psychologists relied heavily on the dominant, established research approaches and psychological methods of western mentors. The Birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Virgilio Enriquez – ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino Augusto Alonzo – first head of the UP Dept. of Psychology Dr. Sinforoso Padilla – established first psychological clinic in 1932 at UP. Fr. Angel de Blas – established the first experimental psychological laboratory in 1938 at UST. Alfredo Lagmay – first elected president of the PAP. II. Theories of Development Sigmund Freud. Psychosexual Development Erik Erikson. Psychosocial Development Jean Piaget. Cognitive Development Lawrence Kohlberg. Moral Development A. Psychosexual Development (Sigmund Freud) Development is shaped by unconscious forces (sex and aggression). “The child is the father of the man”, our experiences in the first 6 years of life is critical in personality development. A. Psychosexual Development Stage Age Erogenous Activities Personality Characteristics Zone once fixated 1. Oral Birth – 2yrs Mouth - Sucking Oral personalities: - Biting - Over-eating - Swallowing - Excessive drinking - Biting pencils - Putting some objects to their mouth - Too much talking - Pessimism - Hostility - Aggressiveness A. Psychosexual Development Stage Age Erogenous Activities Personality Characteristics Zone once fixated 2. Anal 2 – 3yrs Anus Toilet training Anal retentive personalities: - Orderly, organized and tidy - Meticulous, perfectionist, stinginess Anal expulsive personalities: - Messy, untidy - Disorganized, stubborn, generous A. Psychosexual Development Stage Age Erogenous Activities Personality Characteristics Zone once fixated 3. Phallic 3 – 6yrs Genital area - Sexual desire to - Sexual deviances opposite sex - Confused or weak sexual parent, Oedipus identity complex A. Psychosexual Development Stage Age Erogenous Activities Personality Characteristics Zone once fixated 4. Latency 6 – puberty - - Socialization - 5. Genital Puberty onward Genital area - Sexual - intercourse - Heterosexual relationships B. Psychosocial Development Theory (Erik Erikson) Erikson expanded/extended Freud’s theory. Each stage of psychosocial development consists of interaction of opposites. Each stage is marked by a conflict between syntonic (harmonious) element and dystonic (disruptive) element. These conflicts are capable of producing basic/ego strength. If there is too little ego strength at any one stage, it can lead to core pathology for that stage. Erikson elevated social factors which makes his theory more flexible compared to Freud’s psychosexual development. B. Psychosocial Development Stage Basic Conflict Ego Core Pathology Maladaptive Malignancy Strength 1. Birth – Trust vs. Hope Withdrawal Sensory Withdrawal 1 yr Mistrust Maladjustment 2. 2 – 3 Autonomy vs. Will Compulsion Impulsiveness Compulsiveness yrs Shame and Doubt 3. 3 – 5 Initiative vs. Purpose Inhibition Ruthlessness Inhibition yrs Guilt 4. 6 – 12 Industry vs. Competence Inertia Narrow Virtuosity Inertia yrs Inferiority B. Psychosocial Development Stage Basic Conflict Ego Core Pathology Maladaptive Malignancy Strength 5. 12 – 18 Identity vs. Fidelity Role Fanaticism Repudiation yrs Identity Repudiation Confusion 6. 19 – 30 Intimacy vs. Love Exclusivity Promiscuity Exclusion yrs Isolation 7. 31 – 60 Generativity vs. Care Rejectivity Overextension Rejectivity yrs Stagnation 8. 60 Integrity vs. Wisdom Disdain Presumption Disdain above Despair C. Cognitive Development Theory (Jean Piaget) Children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow. This theory is regarded as cornerstone in the field of developmental psychology. C. Cognitive Development Theory D. Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. He used the story of Heinz Dilemma to gather information about the moral reasoning of children. According to Kohlberg, moral development has three levels and six identifiable stages. D. Moral Development Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (0 – 9 yrs) Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange D. Moral Development Level 2: Conventional Morality (9 – 20 yrs) Stage 3: Good Boy – Good Girl Stage 4: Law and Order D. Moral Development Level 3: Post Conventional Morality (20 – above) Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles