BMR 1105 Week 1 2024 Introduction to Psychology PDF

Introduction to Psychology Week 1 BMR 1105  Psychology What is it? The study of our Do our feelings inner feelings always match and behaviors. our behaviors? But I will...

Introduction to Psychology Week 1 BMR 1105  Psychology What is it? The study of our Do our feelings inner feelings always match and behaviors. our behaviors? But I will still act tough. If you call me a (but I will dumbass, I may feel be crying on sad inside. the inside, so be gentle).  Aristotle used the term “psyche” to refer to the essence of life. This term is translated to mean “soul” or “mind”, but The term it is closely linked in meaning to the word “psyche” “breath” Psychology – comes from the word psyche + logos – the Greek word meaning “the study of”. 3  The Today’s modern definition modern of psychology incorporates: definition – behavior and mental of processes. – controlled observation. psychology 4  The term “behavior” refers to all of a person’s overt actions that others can directly observe. Defining The term “mental Psychology processes” refers to the private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives that others cannot directly observe. 5  What is Psychology? Psychology - The scientific study of behavior and the mental process that is tested through scientific research (should be systematic in approach).  Psychologists seek to do four things when studying behaviors: 1 Describe – gather information on studied behavior and present what is known. 2 Explain- creating a hypothesis Goals of (educated guess) to understand Psychology why a behavior is practiced. A theory (more complex assumption to explain and offered for scientific study) is produced from large amounts of experimental study.  Predict- By studying past behaviors, future behaviors can be predicted based upon theory Influence- using what is known to influence future Goals of behavior. Psychology Basic science – research for its own sake. Applied science - Using principles to solve more immediate problems. The earliest known writings in psychology Aristotle was born in 384 BC in an area of Northern Greece. He was the first known writer in the field of psychology. Pursuit of knowledge. Life. 9 Aristotle versus Plato Aristotle believed that one must also observe the thing being studied – look at it, listen to it, touch it. Plato: discovery can occur by just thinking about it. 10  - Origins of psychology begin with 5th and 6th century Greece with studying behavior. - Copernicus & Galileo used Greek observation methods to Brief develop theory. History of - In disagreement with Psychology dualism 17th Century Rene Descartes proposed that the mind does affect on the body by controlling movements, sensations and perceptions.  History of Psychology Although the science of psychology started in the late 1800’s, the concept has been around a lot longer. There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the stone age. It was like a bad SAW movie!!!!  Waves of Psychology The science of psychology has gone through about 5 different waves since it started. Waves are different ways of thinking over time. Wave One: Introspection Kickin it old school Started with William Wundt’s first psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (structuralism). Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology and discussed functionalism. In reality these ideas do not have much impact on how psychologists think These guys were today. considered hot, back in the day!!!!  Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not on how we feel, but on how we experience the world. The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom? Hopefully not!!!  Wave Three: Psychoanalysis This wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900’s). In a nutshell, during this time period people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.  Wave Four: Behaviorism During this time period (early to mid 1900s), people started to ignore how you feel inside. All that mattered was how you acted. If you they could change your behavior, who cares how you feel. Very popular during the conservative 1950’s when social appearance mattered more than self expression.  Wave Five: Eclectic We are now in wave five….which is about variety. Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client.  Structuralism – First recognized schools of psychology - study of basic elements that make up human School of experiences. Wilhelm Wundt – In 1879, used people’s Psychology self observations about their thoughts & (introspection) to map out structure of the thought process. Historical Functionalism – study of the function or how Approaches people & animals adapt to environment. to William James – known as the “father of psychology” Psychology taught first psych class in 1875 and wrote first textbook in 1890.  Gestalt Psychology - perception is more than the sum of its parts – it involves a whole pattern. German group that picked apart cognitive School of thought process. Originated in Psychology Austria in 20th century & (Psychoanalysis) Psychoanalytic Historical Psychology- study of unconscious Approaches motives & conflict determine to behavior. Founded by Sigmund Freud – he Psychology used free association and dream analysis to study behavior (1940).  Cognitive Psychology – study of how we process, store retrieve, and use information and how the thought process influences our School of behaviors. (since 1950’s) Jean Psychology Piaget – leader in the cognitive field & of psychology. Historical Biological Psychology – study of Approaches how physical and chemical changes to occurs. Ex/ brain, nervous system, hormones effect on behavior. Psychology Sociocultural Psychology – study of cultural and socioeconomic influences on behaviors  Contemporary Approaches to Psychology (mid 1900’s to Present) Behavioral Psychology – study of how organisms learn or change behavior based upon responses to events in their environment. (Early- mid1900’s) Ivan Pavlov – classical conditioning experiment with dog’s salivation John B. Watson – behavior occurs due to stimuli in environment B.F. Skinner – introduced concept reinforcement to show how behaviors repeat  Contemporary Approaches to Psychology (mid 1900’s to Present) Humanistic Psychology – belief that each person has freedom in directing his/her future an achieving personal growth. Humans are not controlled by environment, but by their own self concept. Abraham Maslow – humanist whose views differed from behaviorists and psychoanalysts Scope of Psychology From the definition of psychology now it might be clear to you that psychology addresses a variety of issues related to mental and behavioral functioning of an individual. Such a study helps us to develop a basic understanding about human nature and facilitates us to deal with a number of personal and social problems. The study of human beings starts with the functioning of biological systems especially the nervous system. Under central nervous system psychology studie’s the functions of various parts of brain which regulate our feelings, emotions and thinking. Within autonomic nervous system the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in determining our behavior is important. In addition, psychology studies as to how a given sociocultural environment interacts with innate biological, intellectual and social attributes of the child and facilitates healthy development of the child. The methods of psychology are observation, case study, and experimentation. The observation method in psychology is when a psychologist observes the behavior of someone without interacting with them. This can be done in a natural setting or in a laboratory setting. The case study method in psychology is used when a psychologist takes detailed notes on one person’s behavior. This is often used to understand rare behaviors. The survey research method is when a psychologist asks people questions about their thoughts, feelings, or behavior. The experiment method is when a psychologist changes one variable and observes the effects on another variable. This can be done in a laboratory or in a natural setting. The methods of psychology  Many of the founders in psychology were white males. This had a lot to do with sexual discrimination. For Women in example, in 1900 Christine Psychology Ladd-Franklin completed the doctoral program at John Hopkins, but was never give a degree b/c John Hopkins was an all-male institution at the time. 26  In the early days most institutions refused qualified female applicants. Even if Women in they did receive their Psychology degree, they were rarely offered teaching positions. Further, if they married, that was the end of their career. 27 Christine Ladd- Franklin Christine Ladd-Franklin went on to combine a field of mathematics and psychology to come up with a theory of color blindness. 28 Mary Whiton Calkins Mary Whiton Calkins was a student of William James at Harvard. She completed the requirements of her Ph.D., but was not ever allowed to graduate. 29 Margaret Floy Washburn Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to actually receive her Ph. D. in psychology – from Cornell University. 1920 elected president APA. 30  Similar prejudices affected the entry of African Minorities Americans, Latinos, and in other ethnic minorities in Psychology psychology. 31  Gilbert Haven Jones: first African American to receive his Ph. D. in 1901. J. Henry Alston – first Famous research published in a African American journal. His study provided Psychologists the basis for understanding how skin receptors of warmth and cold work together to create the sensation of intense heat. 32  Inez Prosser – first African American woman to receive her Ph. D. in psychology in Famous the US – University of African Cincinnati. Tragically, she American was killed in an auto Psychologists accident shortly after receiving her degree. 33  Santiago Ramon y Cajal – a Spanish scientist working around the turn of the century played a significant role in the development of psychology by Famous identifying the neuron – cells Hispanic that make up the brain and Psychologists nervous system. He was also a scholar in the areas of hypnosis and culturally biased tests for minority school children. 34 The relevance of psychology to the field of rehabilitation.  Rehabilitation is the process of helping an individual achieve the highest level of independence and quality of life possible - physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. Rehabilitation does not reverse or undo the damage caused by a stroke, but rather helps restore the individual to optimal health, functioning, and well-being. Rehabilitate (from the Latin "habilitas") means "to make able again.  Psychosocial rehabilitation is defined as a process that facilitates for individuals who are impaired, disabled or handicapped by a mental disorder to reach an optimal level of independent functioning in the community. To the extent that effective rehabilitation involves new learning on the part of the individual living with the impairment or disability, it would seem that behavioral psychologists especially should be centrally involved in the design, delivery and evaluation of services to those seriously injured or living with a chronic ill-health condition. Coping successfully with many of the situations faced by those living with disabilities requires  Recent research has highlighted the importance of depression and anxiety as independent risk factors for mortality in cardiac patients. It is critical that clinically significant levels of distress are identified, both in-hospital and after discharge, to target patients who require specific psychological intervention, in addition to conventional cardiac rehabilitation.  A disease, whether inborn or acquired through the life journey, while accidents, may cause a person’s disability. Temporary or permanent, however minor or serious, this can greatly affect the lives of the victim and those close to them. Persons would need constant reassurances, and plenty of love for them to find meaning in their lives again. This is where rehabilitation psychology comes in.  When speaking of disability, it does not necessarily mean a total injury or impairment of the physical aspect. It can be anything from physical, Introduction sensory, cognitive, or emotional limitation of functions. However small this disability to is, the impact in the lives of the person and Psychology their family is still there. It could affect their relationships with other people, their work, and learning ability. This is the reason rehabilitation psychology is necessary.  There are many services rehabilitation psychology provides. There is health and behavior consultation. This allows one to learn about information on a particular health condition and Introduction how it can affect one’s life. to Counseling and psychotherapy. This is geared towards influencing one’s attitudes and Psychology emotions with the need to change one’s behavior. Cognitive remediation is a service that helps an individual achieve cognitive abilities necessary with school or work, or their life in general, and is important in their practice of independence in the community as well.  Rehabilitation Helps the Disabled Return to Functional Living. Rehabilitation psychology Introduction caters to an individual with to emotional problems due to a Psychology disability. It aims to help the person and his family to cope and take control of their life again after a disability. It is directed to give hope and happiness in the lives of disability victims.  Rehabilitation is an integrated program of interventions that empower individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions to achieve “personally fulfilling, socially meaningful, and functionally effective interaction” in their daily contexts. Introduction to Rehabilitation Psychology is a specialty area within psychology that Psychology focuses on the study and application of psychological knowledge and skills on behalf of individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions in order to maximize health and welfare, independence and choice, functional abilities, and social role participation across the lifespan.  Rehabilitation Psychologists’ work includes assessment and intervention regarding the range of physical, personal, psychosocial, cognitive, and behavioral factors Introduction that may be affected, such as neuro cognitive status, sensory difficulties, to mood/emotions, desired level of Psychology independence and interdependence, mobility/freedom of movement, self-esteem and self-determination, behavioral control and coping skills, subjective view of capabilities and quality of life.  Rehabilitation Psychologists consider the influences of culture, ethnicity, language, gender, age, Introduction developmental level, sexual to orientation, social network, Psychology residence and geographic location, socioeconomic status, and relative visibility and/or assumption of disability on attitudes and available services.  Although the process of rehabilitation has traditionally been viewed as ‘physical’ in nature, it is now considered a Introduction multi-faceted process to involving not only the services Psychology of surgeons and physiotherapists but also exercise scientists, dieticians, athletic coaches and sport psychologists  Over the last decade, researchers have become increasingly interested in the Introduction psychological impact of injury to and how athletes react to Psychology being hurt.  While psychosocial rehabilitation is an important part of the overall process of successful management of Introduction chronic mental illnesses, its to importance has not been Psychology recognized in many developing countries, and its practice is still rare compared to the use of medicines to "cure" illnesses  The End Be safe and study hard!