PSY ELEC 4 Intro to Counseling PDF

PSY ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING COURSE GUIDE| SLM 1 - LESSON 1 & 2 Instructor: Haira Aguinaldo | BS Psychology 4P3 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 SLM 1: LESSON 1 COURSE CO...

PSY ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING COURSE GUIDE| SLM 1 - LESSON 1 & 2 Instructor: Haira Aguinaldo | BS Psychology 4P3 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 SLM 1: LESSON 1 COURSE CONTENT/OUTLINE NATURE AND MEANING OF GUIDANCE AND I. COUNSELING FOUNDATION COUNSELING SLM1 LESSON 1: Nature and meaning of Guidance MISCONCEPTIONS ON GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING and Counseling Mental health challenges affect millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, LESSON 2: Foundations of Counseling misconceptions and myths around counselling often discourage people from seeking help and contribute LESSON 3: Education and Guidance to the stigma surrounding mental health issues. LESSON 4: Guidance Functions and Principles The truth is that counselling has the ability to help almost anyone with mental health concerns, LESSON 5: Basic Guidance Services social issues and personal development. But another truth is that every person is very unique – they will II. COUNSELING respond to and experience counselling differently SLM2 and a method that works for one person is not LESSON 1. Nature and Purpose of Counseling necessarily going to work for someone else. If you have tried counselling before and didn’t find it helpful LESSON 2. Principles of Counseling we encourage you to try again, with a different counsellor and/or different method. LESSON 3. Goals of Counseling Here are some common misconceptions about LESSON 4. Types of Counseling according to guidance and counselling, and then a more realistic Areas Covered version of what you can expect from the counselling experience. LESSON 5. Types of Counseling According to 1. Counseling is Disciplining Participants 2. The Guidance Counselor is the Disciplinary LESSON 6. The Counseling Process Officer LESSON 7. Counseling Skills 3. Someone who doesn’t know me can’t help me III. COUNSELING APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS SLM3 4. Guidance Counselors can read LESSON 1. Theories and Approaches people’s minds. LESSON 2. Assessment in Counseling 5. Guidance Counselors can solve all your problems LESSON 3. Counseling Applications 6. Everyone will know I’m seeing a Guidance Counselor IV. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE SLM4 7. Counselling is only for major issues or “crazy” LESSON 1. Ethical and Legal Considerations in people Counseling 8. Admitting that you need help and going for LESSON 2. Code of Ethics for Registered and counselling means you’re weak Licensed Guidance Counselor 9. Counselling doesn’t help or will make the situation worse  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 10. The counsellor doesn’t know me, so they can’t “The elements of guidance are learning about the help me individual student, helping him to understand himself, effecting changes in him and in his environment 11. Counselling takes a long time and costs a lot which will help him to grow and develop as much as possible.” —Knapp 12. They will blame my parents for everything DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE 13. All counselors are the same – If you didn’t have Guidance is a kind of advice or help given to success with one, counselling won’t work for you the individual’s especially students, on matters like choosing a course of study or career, work or NATURE AND DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE AND preparing for vocation, from a person who is superior COUNSELING in the respective field or an expert. It is the process of “Guidance involves personal help given by someone; guiding, supervising or directing a person for a it is designed to assist the individual to decide where particular course of action. he wants to go, what he wants to do and how best he can accomplish his purpose”. —Jones The process aims at making students or individuals aware of the rightness or wrongness of “Guidance is a term with many meanings. It is a point their choices and importance of their decision, on of view a group of services, a field of study which we which their future depends. It is a service that assists should be required to choose one of the emphasized students in selecting the most appropriate course for service would pre- dominate”. —Moser and Moser them, to discover and develop their psychological and educational abilities and ambitions. Guidance “Guidance is a process of enabling each individual to results in self-development and helps a person to plan understand his abilities and interest to develop them his present and future wisely. as well as possible and to relate them to life goals and finally to reach a state of complete and matured DEFINITION OF COUNSELING self-guidance as a desirable human element of the The term counseling is defined as a talking social order.” —Traxler therapy, in which a person (client) discusses freely his/her problems and share feelings, with the “Guidance is the process of helping a person to counselor, who advises or helps the client in dealing develop and accept an integrated and adequate with the problems. It aims at discussing those picture of himself and of his role in the world of work, problems which are related to personal or socio- to test this concept psychological issues, causing emotional pain or against reality and to convert it into reality with mental instability that makes you feel uneasy. The satisfaction to himself and benefit to the society”. counselor listens to the problems of the client with —National Vocational Guidance Association (USA) empathy and discusses it, in a confidential environment. It is not a one day process, but there “Guidance is a means of helping individuals to are many sessions. understand and use wisely the educational, vocational and personal opportunities they have or Counseling is not just giving advice or making can develop and as a form of systematic assistance a judgment, but helping the client to see clearly the whereby students are aided in achieving satisfactory root of problems and identify the potential solutions to adjustment to school and in life”. —Dunsmoor and the issues. Miller The counselor also changes the viewpoint of “Guidance is assistance made available by the client, to help him take the right decision or professionally qualified and adequately trained men choose a course of action. It will also help the client and women to an individual of any age to help him to remain intuitive and positive manage his own life activities, develop his own in the future. decisions and carry his own burdons”. —Crow and Crow DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING DEFINITION 2  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 Guidance is the advice or instructions on general 6. Guidance is given by a guide who can be any problems, given by someone more experienced or person superior or an expert in a particular field. As qualified while counseling specifically is the opposed to counseling, which is provided by professional advice given by a counselor based on counselors, who possess a high level of skill and personal or psychology related problems of the undergone through professional training. individuals. 7. Guidance can be open and so the level of privacy This explains the underlying basis of the is less. Unlike counseling, wherein complete secrecy is difference between guidance and counseling. maintained. SCOPE 8. Guidance can be given to an individual or group Scope is another important difference between of individuals at a time. On the contrary, counseling is guidance and counseling. always one to one. ❖ Guidance has a broader scope such as 9. In the guidance, the guide takes the decision for educational guidance, career guidance, the client. In contrast to counseling, where the financial guidance, health guidance etc. counselor empowers the client to take decisions on his own. ❖ On the other hand, counseling essentially covers personal and psychological assistance. LESSON 2 BASIC HISTORY AND IDENTITY OF COUNSELING KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING Allied Mental Health Professional Groups The significant differences between guidance and counseling are given in the following points: 1. Advice or a relevant piece of information given by a superior, to resolve a problem or overcome from difficulty, is known as guidance. Counseling refers to a professional advice given by a counselor to an individual to help him in overcoming from personal or psychological problems. 2. Guidance is preventive in nature, whereas counseling tends to be healing, curative or remedial. 3. Guidance assists the person in choosing the best alternative. But counseling, tends to change the perspective, to help him get the solution by himself or herself. Many people use the term counseling interchangeably with ‘‘therapy,’’ and in many ways 4. Guidance is a comprehensive process; that has an the two words do refer to essentially the same sort of external approach. On the other hand, counseling professional helping activity. Yet using the term focuses on the in-depth and inward analysis of the counseling has allowed us to emphasize the problem, until client understands and overcome it particular nature of our work that specializes in: completely. 1. Preventing rather than only fixing problems 5. Guidance is taken on education and career 2. Using a developmental rather than related issues whereas counseling is taken when the psychopathological model of diagnosis problem is related to personal and socio-psychological issues. 3. Focusing on adjustment issues and developmental concerns rather than more severe psychopathology 3  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 talking over problems is helpful, sharing feelings and 4. Doing relatively short-term rather than concerns is useful, and professional helpers are long-term work reasonable alternatives for those faced with problems or difficult situations. 5. Practicing in the community rather than in medical settings Interpersonal communication and verbal interaction form the heart of therapeutic These Disciplines provide the Basis of Guidance and counseling, albeit in a substantially different format Counseling Philosophy, Psychology, Biology, from what Freud envisioned. Anthropology and Sociology Counselors, clients, and the person in the HISTORY OF COUNSELING street all believe that constructive change can A unique aspect of counseling as a profession occur when a counselor and a client work together is that its foundation is grounded in so many other toward identified, realistic goals. disciplines; it is a hybrid of knowledge from philosophy, education, psychology, psychiatry, THE ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS sociology, and family studies. The first counselors were leaders of the community who attempted to provide inspiration for Even today, programs that train counselors others through their teachings. They were religious are found in academic units as diverse as colleges of leaders such as Moses (1200 B.C.), Mohammed (600 education or health sciences, departments of B.C.), and Buddha (500 B.C.). They were also psychology or family studies, schools of human philosophers such as Lao-tzu (600 B.C.), Confucius services, and religious institutions. (500 B.C.), Socrates (450 B.C.), Plato (400 B.C.), and Aristotle (350 B.C.). Many of these philosophers and Counseling and its related disciplines of religious leaders functioned as ‘‘counselors’’ in that psychiatry, psychology, social work, and guidance they worked with a group of disciples, trying to impart have experienced an uneven progression of wisdom to stimulate emotional, spiritual, and development. In the days of our Paleolithic ancestors, intellectual growth. Although their approaches to the first mental health professionals were fond of helping are considerably different from those of most drilling holes in a client’s head to permit demons to contemporary counselors, we have inherited a few of escape. Through the days of ancient Mesopotamia their basic tenets: and Persia, the classical Greek and Roman eras, and There is no single right answer to any question worth into modern times, early counselors were primarily asking. philosophers, physicians, or priests. The primitive days of the 19th century spawned the first real counselors, There are many possible interpretations of the same the experts who attempted to heal by talking (even if experience. they did so in ways we now find a bit bizarre). It is incredible to think that 100 years ago, therapeutic Any philosophy is worthless if it is not personalized counseling as we know it did not exist. And it has and made relevant to everyday life. been only in the past 50 years that counseling has emerged as a distinct field apart from its related These same principles, spoken in the forums of mental health disciplines. Rome, Athens, and Mesopotamia, are very much a part of what today’s counselors work with on a daily The ‘‘talking cure’’ is a concept that we take basis—helping clients to find their own path to inner for granted today, yet a century ago it was a peace. revolutionary idea that was not only unaccepted but held in disrepute, smacking of witchcraft and the THE FIRST PSYCHIATRISTS occult. The cathartic method of talking out problems Besides those who sought to ‘‘heal’’ others’ was pioneered by Sigmund Freud at the turn of the suffering through educational and spiritual paths, century as a method for treating persons with other pragmatic practitioners tried to combine psychological problems. Although the concept had philosophy with what they observed about human existed for many years, it took Freud to build credibility behavior. Foremost among these medical for the technique. Today most people agree that 4  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 philosophers was Hippocrates (400 B.C.), who meticulously documented theories on the human introduced many ideas that we now take for granted, condition, Freud accomplished several remarkable including the concepts of homeostasis (the natural feats, including: balance of the body) and prognosis (the prediction Plotting the anatomy of the human nervous system of outcomes). Developing the first form of local anesthesia for eye Hippocrates emphasized the importance of surgery obtaining a complete life history before undertaking any treatment (which unfortunately was usually Adapting the technique of hypnosis for studying the bloodletting) and devised the first comprehensive inner world classification of mental disorders. He is also credited with developing—over 2,000 years ago—the first Formulating models of personality development counseling interventions, relying on many techniques and psychopathology that are still in use today: systematic diagnostic interviews, detailed history taking, trust building in a Emphasizing unconscious motives behind human therapeutic relationship, and even dream behavior interpretation and acknowledgment of repressed feelings. There really were not many improvements on Suggesting that dreams have meanings that can be uncovered and interpreted Hippocrates’ theories until the last century or two. (Remember, the favored ‘‘treatment’’ in the Studying the underlying structure of society Middle Ages for those suffering from emotional problems was being burned at the stake.) But when Developing the first formal methodology of Sigmund Freud and his colleague Joseph Breuer counseling evolved their ‘‘talking cure’’ of healing through Although it is popular nowadays to ridicule many of catharsis, the professions of counseling and Freud’s ideas and call him obsolete, sexist, controlling, psychotherapy were truly born. Freud was not only a sexually obsessed, neurotic, and a host of other talented physician, writer, teacher, thinker, and astute names, it observer of the human condition, but he was also must be remembered that he was the primary mentor remarkably persuasive as an influencer of others. He of the first generation of therapeutic counselors. recruited into his camp a flock of followers from all Many of the most famous names in the field, names over the world to spread the word about his representing quite diverse approaches—Albert Ellis, newfound cure for emotional suffering. Many of their Murray Bowen, Fritz Perls, Alfred Adler, Carl Rogers, names may be familiar to you: Carl Jung, Alfred Eric Berne—were all at one time practicing Freudian Adler, Wilhelm Reich, and even his own daughter, analysts. It would be difficult, therefore, to Anna Freud. underestimate Freud’s importance in the development of counseling, even if contemporary The 19th century produced a number of great practitioners no longer employ his methods the philosophers who had a significant impact on the way they were originally intended. development of Freud and his students. Such thinkers as Soren Kierkegaard, G. W. F. Hegel, and Friedrich THE GUIDANCE ERA Nietzsche were just as influential in this new profession In the early part of the 20th century, a as were Freud’s own colleagues in medicine. In completely different movement was taking place. addition, a number of brilliant mentors had instructed It was a time of significant social reform, and there Freud in the intricacies of the brain as well as was an emerging recognition that social forces and introduced him to the technique of hypnosis as a individual development could be assisted, directed, means of accessing the mind’s inner secrets. Add to and—more important—guided. This awareness was that training Freud’s own penchant for philosophy, especially evident in the field of education and the literature, and archaeology, and he was ideally specialty of career guidance. The industrial age was suited to pull all this knowledge together into the first then flourishing; technical training and skilled workers comprehensive model for understanding and were becoming necessary, and new programs in changing human behavior. Throughout a prolific life vocational guidance attempted to respond to these in which he churned out volume after volume of needs. Although there were a number of pioneers 5  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 who took the initiative in this field, Frank Parsons is 5. The creation of the first counseling services on often credited as the founder of the vocational college campuses guidance movement. (Parsons, 1909), he described a three-part model for career counseling: 6. The establishment of a comprehensive mental (1) an analysis of one’s own personal interests, health system abilities, and aptitudes; 7. The launching of the American Personnel and (2) an exploration of available occupations; and (3) Guidance Association as the first professional the application of a systematic, reasoning process to organization for counselors find a good match between the two. This procedure, Parsons believed, would place individuals in work 8. Federal legislation such as the Americans with settings most appropriate to their skills and education. Disabilities Act, Vocational Educational Act, and Work Incentives Improvement Act that mandated Parsons and several colleagues applied their assistance to those with disabilities new technology of testing and interviewing to help Boston’s unemployed youth identify interests and 9. The influence of accreditation by the Council for abilities and find suitable work. Thus the vocational the Accreditation of Counseling and Related guidance field became respectable, enabling Educational Programs (CACREP), the American counselors to specialize in a particular aspect of Association for Marital and Family Therapy (AAMFT), human conflict. It carved a niche for guidance Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE), and the personnel in educational settings; however, it also American Psychological Association (APA) prevented the integration of the structured teaching model of vocational guidance into the mainstream of 10. The spread of licensure laws across states and therapeutic counseling. For the next 60 years provinces, which granted greater counselors were seen primarily as school specialists legitimacy to counselors and family therapists who helped children make educational and occupational decisions. 11. Increased cultural diversity in population through immigration, which required expertise in fostering In addition to the school guidance greater harmony and adjustment movement, several other influences during this time contributed to the development of counseling as a 12. The managed care movement, which profession (Gladding, 2004; Glosoff, 2005; Nugent & recognized the cost-effectiveness of using Jones, 2005). nonmedical practitioners to treat mental health problems These included: 1. The development of standardized testing during THE COUNSELING ERA World War I as a means to Not all of the contributors to the mental health measure aptitudes, abilities, and even personality movement were philosophers, psychiatrists, traits psychologists, or educators. One of the most influential figures in the early part of the 20th century 2. The birth of the Veterans Administration after World was an abused mental patient. In A Mind That Found War II, which resulted in the recruiting of professionals Itself, Clifford Beers (1945) described his harrowing to help aid the adjustment of soldiers experiences at the hands of an insensitive system that treated him as a lunatic rather than as a human 3. The National Defense Education Act, the passage being. of which channeled more youth into the sciences In this classic work (which eventually led to after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik and thereby the establishment of the National Association for demonstrated that they were ahead in the space Mental Health), Beers proposed that what the race emotionally disturbed person needs most of all is a compassionate friend. It was the field of therapeutic 4. The evolution of vocational rehabilitation (working counseling that finally responded to his plea. The with those who are disabled) as a specialty prevailing ‘‘medical model’’ espoused by psychiatrists and some psychologists had reigned 6  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 supreme. This framework emphasized the diagnosis of difficulties involved in defining the tasks of the psychopathology. counselor and the difficulties inherent in the process of gathering empirical evidence to support the Patients who sought therapeutic services were client-centered approach caused further questioning viewed as afflicted with a form of mental illness that and exploring. could be treated by a number of medical options— electroconvulsive shock treatment, psychosurgery, The 1960s and early 1970s saw much change psychopharmacology, and, as a last resort, medical and refocusing in the counseling field. The wide psychotherapy, which usually took the form of acceptance of the Rogerian approach came under long-term psychoanalysis with sessions three to four increased scrutiny. Carkhuff and Berenson (1977) and times a week for a half-dozen years or more. To this Krumboltz (1966) wrote books that were quite day, the medical model is still at the core of many influential in challenging the field to move toward a diagnostic systems, such as those used in a variety of more behavioral slant, whereas Albert Ellis (1962), clinical settings. Aaron Beck (1967), and other cognitive therapists emphasized the role of thinking in the counseling ` At the midpoint of the 20th century, a lone process. Other theorists with other ideas joined the voice was heard above the throng of psychiatrists defection. Gestalt therapy, transactional analysis (TA), and psychologists. Carl Rogers (1902– 1987) began to values clarification strategies, reality therapy, and argue persuasively that the traditional doctor/patient other concepts and approaches all clamored for pattern of interaction proposed by the medical attention and vied model was not appropriate for working with the vast for influence. majority of human beings. From this rich field of inquiry and challenge there seemed to emerge a focus that gained wide According to Rogers, people with emotional credibility in counselor education. Robert Carkhuff problems are not ‘‘sick’’ or ‘‘mentally ill’’; most and several collaborators (Carkhuff & Berenson, 1977; people simply need a safe environment in which to Truax & Carkhuff, 1967) imposed a systematic and work out their difficulties. He maintained that the most generalist approach to the task of helping. effective vehicle for accomplishing this task was within the context of a therapeutic relationship. In Carkhuff suggested that counselors must be spite of the initially cool reception given to the ideas skilled, reliable, and capable of delivering effective of client-centered theory, Carl Rogers emerged as a levels of core counseling skills. He defined the skills significant force in the field of counseling and and developed methods of assessing effectiveness. changed previous thinking about the nature of the The work of Carkhuff is now widely accepted, with healing alliance—not only with regard to therapeutic much counselor training emphasizing the relationships, but also with regard to education and development of generic skills that provide a base for even the political realm. In retrospect, it seems effective helping relationships. In a class on difficult to imagine counseling today without the techniques of counseling you are likely to follow one impact of Rogers and his ideas about the importance of several systematic skills models (Cormier & of relationship variables. Client-centered counseling Hackney, 2005; De Jong & Berg, 2002; Egan, 2007; became the theoretical focus of many counselor Murphy & Dillon, 2007; Young, 2005) that were education programs during the 1950s and early 1960s. patterned after Carkhuff’s identified ‘‘core conditions.’’ On the whole, Rogers was enthusiastically embraced and legions of counselors were trained in Today, counseling is built on the work of nondirective, client-centered techniques. But in spite Carkhuff, who has developed a base for the of the general acceptance of client-centered skill-development process; Rogers, who emphasized counseling, some concerns were emerging that the importance of the questioned the nature of this approach and criticized relationship dimension in counseling; and Freud, who its relevance for many client populations. gave credibility to the idea of treatment through talking. In a sense, this represents the generic Additionally, the operational foundation for training in therapeutic counseling. 7  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 To achieve maturity as a professional, it is strongly influenced by the values associated with necessary to integrate the various counseling managing costs. We are now asked not only to help approaches within the generic model used in most people but to do so in the most efficient and training. It is a mistake to assume that minimal generic cost-effective way possible, as well as to document skills will prepare a person to function as a counselor. these outcomes. While this does compromise a Therefore, in your training you will first learn the basic certain degree of skills of reflecting, confronting, summarizing, independence and freedom in how we practice, attending, and goal setting and will then expand on there have also been several positive effects that this base using the diverse sources of theory and have led to increased accountability and the technique available to therapeutic development of more efficient methods (Frager, counselors. 2000; Hoyt, 2000). THE ERA OF COUNSELING This cadre of new counselors is still using the At one time, 80% of all students enrolled in core skills of practice that have been identified for counseling programs were following a school-based some time—but is also drawing heavily from other employment track. fields while researching, developing, and expanding the intervention base. Now that trend has shifted, and the majority of new counselors are targeting themselves for The emphasis is on approaches that are employment in various agencies as community developmentally oriented and that use relatively counselors, clinical counselors, mental health short-term strategies designed to reduce symptoms, counselors, or marital and family counselors. Clearly, eliminate self-defeating behaviors, and increase the focus of counseling is now less educational and self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-management skills. more therapeutic. This fact is reflected in the Counselors focus on developing a solid relationship progressive name changes of the American with clients, identifying core issues, understanding Counseling Association (ACA), which a few years ago clients from a developmental perspective, and was called the American Association for Counseling employing interventions best suited to the particular and Development (AACD), and a few years before client and clinical situation. that was known as the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA). It is evident in the The latest movement within the helping rapid growth of organizations like the American professions has been a drive toward greater Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) and integration of existing research and theory into a the International Association of Marriage and Family coherent model that most practitioners can follow. Counselors (IAMFC). And this trend toward a more clinical focus can be seen in the emergence of As a result, counselor training programs are licensing and credentialing for professional counselors becoming more standardized across North America in virtually every state. as current theorists attempt to reconcile the conflicts and differences among competing schools of In today’s climate of ‘‘managed care,’’ in thought. Another movement that is growing in its which health insurance agencies and large influence is the application of counseling to diverse employers are attempting to control costs associated populations, with special emphasis on increasing our with mental health treatment, counselors are playing responsiveness to underserved groups such as a bigger role in many regions because of our oppressed minorities, the aged, and the disabled. emphasis on brief treatment and our cost effectiveness in comparison with other professionals. HISTORY OF COUNSELING IN THE PHILIPPINES Pre–Colonial Philippines was much like In spite of these changes, there are still neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia, and considerable doubts about whether such a counseling still shows vestiges of indigenous managed-care help-seeking through movement will ultimately be good for either our (a) superstition; profession or the consumers of our services. (b) reliance on elders, faith healers, and fortune Regardless of our preferences, the counseling tellers; and profession has now become (c) belief in the supernatural (Bulatao, 1992). 8  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2 socio-political structure and its instability and In 1521, the Philippines was rediscovered by oppression; but these shifts have also demonstrated Ferdinand Magellan, which began the Spanish the power of the people, for example, when colonization, resulting mainly in religious conquest: thousands of Filipinos demonstrated peacefully 80% of Filipinos are Roman Catholics (CIA, 2011). The against dictatorship, graft, and corruption. These American occupation, from 1898 to 1941 (and military circumstances continue to shape the field of bases into the 1990s) followed Spanish colonization. counseling in the Philippines, with the necessity for From public school to government, the United States advocacy and a social justice agenda (Tuason, has had a strong influence on the country (NSO, 2008). 2010). The language of instruction in the country is English, and greater respect is given to anything LESSON 3 & 4 American over anything Filipino. The United States has EDUCATION AND GUIDANCE even had a significant impact on counseling GUIDANCE FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES because Filipino counselors and psychologists often Whenever in the learning process the teacher trained there (Salazar- Clemen a, 2002). assists the learner to CHOOSE, guidance is present. Not every form of assistance is guidance, it is only Counseling, as conceived in the United States, when the assistance is given directed toward helping began in the Philippines with two colleges in Manila the individual to make choices that guidance is providing guidance services geared toward present identifying professions and employment opportunities and establishing the first psychological clinic at the Guidance is found in the area of educational University of the Philippines (Salazar-Clemen a, 2002). endeavor which involves assistance given by The growth of guidance and counseling was agencies or persons to the individual in making interrupted by the Japanese occupation from 1941 to choices, in helping him to choose a line of action, a 1944. From the 1940s to the 1960s was a period of method of procedure, a goal. It is not choosing for counselor training (Salazar-Clemen a, 2002), as him or directing his choice, it is helping him to make a Filipinos obtained training and degrees in the United choice. Testing and test results, records, fundamental States and established academic counseling habits, skills are necessary for programs when they returned to the country. wise choices, but it is only when the teacher, counselor or other person uses these in a conscious The birth of the two associations most effort to help the individual in his choices that instrumental in the regulation of the profession—the guidance is Psychological Association of the Philippines and the present Philippine Guidance and Counseling Association—happened at this time. From the 1970s Guidance constitutes the central service to the 1990s, the movement in counseling was aspect of personnel work. It involves primarily indigenization (e.g., Bulatao, 1992; Enriquez, all types of choices and must include within its scope 1977) of assessments, constructs, and theories, the curriculum, teaching, focusing on the differences between the counseling supervision and other activities of the school models learned in the United States within the context of Philippine culture and the realities of its social FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION issues. Developmental: to develop the unique qualities of each individual The organizations established then were the Philippine Association for Counselor Education, Differentiating Function: differences in student Research, and Supervision and the Career abilities, interests, and purposes crystallize into Development Association of the Philippines. There different patterns as the individual matures was monumental growth in counseling following the American occupation as the country struggled Integrating Function: cultural integration of students through political movements, military coups, and citizen-led revolutions to become an independent FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE republic. The volatile shifts in governance have contributed to the country’s economic and 9  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2  Guidance both as a concept and as a program focuses on youth and their future. PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE  A. To help individual achieve greater awareness not Guidance within education represents society’s only of who they are but of who they can become. expression of concern for the individual. B. Rogers: to enhance the personal development, the  psychological growth toward a socialized maturity. School counselors are not expected to act as judges or evaluators. C. Smith: to provide facilitative experience for client on a Problem Areas and Conditions “passionateproductive-compassion continuum.  Health and physical development  Home and family relationships BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE  Leisure time A. Guidance is concerned primarily and  Personality systematically with the personal development of the  Religious life and church affiliations individual.  School  Social, moral, civic B. The primary mode by which guidance is  Vocational conducted lies in individual behavioral processes. Present Demand for Guidance C. Guidance is oriented toward cooperation not  Changing conditions of the home compulsion—Hallmark: absence of coercion or  Changing conditions of labor and industry pressure.  Changes in population  Changes in birth and death rate D. Humans have the capacity for self-development.  Increase in amount of general education  Elimination from school E. Guidance is based upon recognizing the  Leisure time dignity and worth of individual as well as their right to  Moral and religious conditions choose. ---Core of freedom: self-determination  Changed philosophy of education  Problems of minority groups F. Guidance is a continuous, sequential,  Necessity for a changed social program educational process. Necessity for Providing Guidance LESSON 5  Need for Guidance from the standpoint of GUIDANCE SERVICES individual—intelligence choice can result only where A. INDIVIDUAL INVENTORY the young person has adequate facts and It gives the ADMINISTRATION and FACULTY an idea of experiences and receives careful counseling at all the: Profile of the school population stages of his progress. Appropriate strategies for responding to needs,  Necessity from standpoint of Society interest and values DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE Strengths and passion that can be channeled to As a CONCEPT: mental image, helping an individual appropriate goals. As an EDUCATIONAL CONSTRUCT: intellectual PARENTS/GUARDIANS would have a basis for: synthesis, provision of experiences that help pupils to understand Understanding their client better. themselves. Responding more sensibly to their children As an EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM: it refers to NATURE AND PURPOSE procedures, and processes organized to achieve certain educational and personal goals. 10  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 1 LESSON 1 & 2  Consists of all the information gathered about each individual in school. C. CONSULTATION: designed to give technical assistance to teachers, administration, and parents to  Seeks systematically to identify the characteristics help them to be more effective with students and to and potentials of every client improve the school as an organization.  Promotes the client’s self-understanding, it also ◦ Being the expert on how to respond to needs and assists counselors and other helping professionals to behaviors, he/she may be sought by parents, understand client better. teachers, administrators, or spouses for guidelines on how to deal with a person or situation.  The information is usually stored in a cumulative folder where the data accumulated about each ◦ A consultant is an individual with a special expertise, student are kept while the student is still in school., knowledge and skill in a specific area. Consultation and up to a few years after. requires the consultant to act as an adviser or enhancer  It includes the entrance test results and the information sheet of students. ◦ A process for helping a client through a 3rd party or helping a system  It enables the CLIENT to: to improve its services to its clientele a. Develop a deeper, fuller self-awareness D. REFERRAL, PLACEMENT, & FOLLOW-UP  Referral refers to the assistance rendered to clients b. Create appropriate plans for improving the quality or significant others in obtaining services from other of his/her life based on this awareness and people or agencies that might be more effective in self-understanding. helping them. The practice of helping client find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor  It enables the COUNSELOR to: cannot provide a. Get to know the client  The act of transferring an individual to another b. Facilitate the client’s self-awareness, person/agency either within or outside the school. self-understanding and decision making ◦ Placement is ensuring that people are in the right c. Ascertain appropriate avenues for clients to pursue place at the right time B. COUNSELING: designed to facilitate ◦ Considers goals, values, needs, interests and self-understanding and self development through capabilities in helping clients find a niche for dyadic or small-group relationships themselves. It provides clients with options, enables them to act on their choices, and helps them adjust ◦ Counseling is the heart of the guidance program. to the chosen environment. ◦ It is the counseling service that integrates all the ◦ Emphasis on educational placement in courses and data gathered about the individual and his/her programs environment in order for them to make sense ❖ Follow up - a service extended to anyone is ◦ It is the core activity to which all the other activities followed up to determine goal attainment become and customer satisfaction. Follow-up services meaningful determine the status of the person who received assistance and what other ◦ The counselor interprets the data gathered about assistance must be rendered so that the the individual and relates them to the information service is complete and holistic. Allows about the world outside the client in order to facilitate counselors to assess the effectiveness of a growth and adjustment, problem solving and program’s placement activities. decision-making. 11