Intellectual Revolutions PDF

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature 10/2/18 TOPIC 1:...

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their potential death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  Copernican Revolution 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 6 Claudius Ptolemy Lifetimes of Selected Ancient Lived c. 100 – c. 170. Greek Scholars 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  Claudius Ptolemy (c. 85–165 C.E.) ❑ He published a 13-volume treatise on mathematics and astronomy called Megale mathmatike systaxis (“The Great Mathematical Compilation”), which is better known today as The Almagest ❑ He described a model of the cosmos, including the solar system, that became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for more than one thousand years ❑ A concept known as geocentrism 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 8 The Almagest’s Universe Ptolemy proposed a universe consisting of nested spheres containing the heavenly bodies. He incorrectly placed the earth at the center of the universe. He correctly showed the stars as the bodies farthest from Earth. He incorrectly showed Ptolemy’s Mercury as the planet 10/2/18 universe closest to Earth. TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  Nicolaus Copernicus (1474-1543) Early Life and Education Nicolaus Copernicus was born in the city of Torun, in the Prince- Bishopric of Warmia, northern Poland on February 19, 1473. His name at birth was Mikolaj Kopernik. At university he started calling himself the Latin form of his name, Nicolaus Copernicus. 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS  Nicolaus Copernicus (1474-1543) ❑ He caused great controversy when he published a book (De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ) proposing Sun was at the center of the solar system, not Earth ❑ He reasoned that the simplest way to account for the observed motions of the sun, moon, and planets through the sky was to assume that Earth (and other planets) circle around the sun ❑ For years he worked without making his thoughts for two reasons: first, he feared persecution; second, he had graved doubts about 10/2/18 himself TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS 11  Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism Geocentrism ❑ also known as the Ptolemaic Model of the Solar System ❑ according to this model, , Earth stands at the center of the universe, and is orbited by the Moon, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn ❑ The stars in the sky are all positioned on a celestial sphere surrounding these other objects at a fixed distance from Earth 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 12  Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism Heliocentrism ❑ also known as Copernican Model of the Solar System ❑ according to this model, that the sun is stationary and that the Earth revolves around the sun 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 13  Darwinian Revolution 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 14  Charles Darwin ❑ a naturalist who sailed around the world from 1831 to 1836 to study Biology and Geology aboard HMS Beagle ❑ He introduced the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 15  Charles Darwin ❑ He proposed that natural selection is a process by which organisms with characteristics that are suited to a certain environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than organisms that do not have these characteristics ❑ His theory became controversial as people perceived as contradictory to the church’s teaching. 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 16  Freudian Revolution 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 17 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ❑ proposed the Theory of Psychoanalysis ❑ He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 18  Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ❑ He argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and superego. The Psyche 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS ❑ Psychoanalysis is a method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, memories; etc. ❑ Freud’s method of psychoanalysis focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS Freud believed that children are born with a libido – a sexual (pleasure) urge. There are several stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different ‘object.’ 10/2/18 TOPIC 1: INTRO TO STS Cradles of Early Science Development of Science in Mesoamerica  Meso-American ❑ Meso-American civilization consists of four culture namely: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. 10/2/18 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL TOPIC REVOLUTION 1: INTRO TO STS ❑ The manufacture of rubber ball in the ball game tlachti, a game played by Meso-American civilizations from earliest times. Tlachti ❑ Among the plants originated in Meso-America are corn, papaya, avocado and cocoa.  Meso-American ❑ All Meso-American peoples shared the calendric and astronomical information of the heavens as a critical part of their sculpture, art and architecture. 10/2/18 TOPIC 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ❑ Monumental sacred complexes, ❑massive stone sculptures, ❑ball games, ❑the drinking of chocolate, and ❑animal gods ❑ Mayans believed that stars and constellations, the planets and the moon were living beings who interacted with the cycles, natural and social middle or physical world. ❑ Mayan architects built large, elaborate palaces and pyramid shaped temples for astronomical observation like Chichen Itza in Mexico ❑ The Mayans are known for using two complicated calendar systems (260-day calendar and the 365-day calendar). ❑ They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. ❑The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow of glittery paints from mineral called mica. ❑They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844. ❑Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. ❑They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. Mayan numbering system ✓They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the numeral 20. ✓Moreover, they independently develop the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did.  The Inca Civilization  ❑ Incas are famous for roads paved with stones for a fast movement of persons from one part of the Empire to the other: both armies and workers used the roads to move and the tambos to rest and be fed. for the fast movement of information and valuable small goods which traveled through the chasquis. ❑ Incas are famous for stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters Temple of the Sun in Cuzco Incan engineer designed the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco (the capital city) which is a complex structure that was strong enough to survive centuries of earthquakes and hard weather.  They developed improved methods of terrace farming and irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land. Irrigation system Terrace farming They also developed the calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season.  They created the first suspension bridge. The Inca were the only ancient First suspension bridge American civilization Inca rope bridges are to develop simple suspension bridges suspension bridges. over canyons , gorges and rivers (pongos) constructed by the Inca Empire.  Quipu ✓ Incan scholars developed a record keeping system that used colored, knotted string known as Quipu which might have been used for accounting, keeping statistics and to record dates and events ✓ A quipu usually consists of cotton or camelid fiber strings. The Inca people used them for collecting data and keeping records, monitoring tax obligations, collecting census records, calendrical information, and for military organization.  Aztec Civilization ❑ Mandatory Education All Aztec children were required by law to attend school. Chinampas It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. referred to as "floating gardens," chinampas are artificial islands that were created by interweaving reeds with stakes beneath the lake's surface, creating underwater fences.  Aztec Civilization The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to gods. In Aztec culture, cacao beans were considered more valuable than gold, believing that the cacao was given to them by the gods. Aztecs enjoyed the chocolate in hot or cold drinks, but was usually reserved for an upper-class extravagance. Some lower classes would drink it during bigger celebrations, such as weddings. ❑Antispasmodic medication They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. Aztecs used the passion flower (relieve insomnia, epilepsy, and high blood pressure) to create antispasmodic medication.  Aztec Civilization ❑ Aztec Calendar This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season. The Aztec calendar consists of 260 days (13 months, each containing 20 days), which determined the life of each Mexica (Aztec). In Aztec society, priests consulted the calendar to determine auspicious days for weddings and other important events. ❑Invention of the canoe- A light narrow boat used for travelling in water systems. Aztecs has developed special boats called canoes which made transportation through streams and rivers easier.  Development of Science in Asia India ❑ known for iron and metallurgical works Ancient Indian and Jharkhand metallurgy produced iron, copper and gold, with bronze and brass as the main alloys of copper. ❑ Ayurveda system – one of oldest system of medicine based on ancient writings that rely on a “natural” and holistic approach to physical and mental health. ❑ Sushruta Samhita’s most well-known contribution to plastic surgery is the reconstruction of the nose, known also as rhinoplasty Hindu calendars The 12 months move according to the moon and the year is 354 days long. India ❑ “Siddhanta Shiromani” - covered topics such as mean of longitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon’s crescent; conjunction of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon (Sama, 2008) ❑ Indus Valley Civilization tried to standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro (Bisht, 1982) ❑ Aryabhata introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998) ❑Brahmahgupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction; zero as a place holder and a decimal digit along with Hindu-Arabic numeral system (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998) ❑ Madhama of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of Mathematical Analysis (Joseph, 1991)  Development of Science in Asia China ❑ Silk road, a great trade route linking China to other Roman Empire where it allowed transport and exchange of goods in these regions ❑ Acupuncture, a family of procedures involving stimulation of points on the body using a variety of techniques that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation ❑ Famous discoveries and inventions include compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools (Davies, 1995) ❑ Chinese civilization is also known for invention of iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller; design for different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983) ❑ Invented the first seismological detector and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et.al, 1971) ❑ Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall, 1939) Muslims ❑ Muslim Scientists put a greater value on science experiments rather than plain thought experiments which led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim world ❑ Ibn al-Haytham, is also regarded as the Father of Optics (proofs on Intromission Theory of Light) ❑ Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, gave his name to the concept of the algorithm Ibn Sina, pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008). Among his many contributions were the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000) ❑ Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were two of the most notable books of Ibn Sina, these books were used as standard Medicinal Texts Egyptian ❑ Rules of geometry ❑ Egyptian pyramids and early dams ❑ Center of Alchemy ❑ four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills African ❑ used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar or a combination of the three ❑ Metallurgy was also known in the African Regions ❑ Lebombo Bone – oldest known mathematical artifact which may have been a tool for multiplication, division and simple mathematical computation Group Activity Divide the class into six groups. Each group will be assigned to a President before Marcos. Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology under the assigned administration and traced how they helped shape the Philippines as a nation. Show your findings through a collage (use 1/8 illustration board). Present your output next meeting.