Hose Reel Systems - Fire Engineering Fundamentals PDF

Chapter 5 Hose Reel Systems Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 ...

Chapter 5 Hose Reel Systems Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5  SIT Internal LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Discuss the system design of Hose Reel Systems 2. List & explain critical system components of Hose Reel Systems 3. Explain the system operations & maintenance need of Hose Reel Systems Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 2  SIT Internal CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Hose Reel Systems 2.1 Provision of hose reel systems 2.2 Key components of hose reel systems 2.3 Location of hose reels 2.4 Installation of hose reels 2.5 Water supply for hose reels 2.6 Testing and maintenance of hose reel systems 2.7 Hydraulic calculations for hose reel systems 2.8 Hose reel operation Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 3  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Hose reel systems are regulated by: i. Singapore Fire Code ii. SS 575: Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant, Rising Mains and Hose Reel Systems (Formerly CP 29) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 4  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION First aid fire fighting ❑ Enable attack on fire in its early stages prior to arrival of Fire Brigade ❑ Carried out by building occupants who are trained on its proper, safe and effective use ❑ Either Fire extinguishers Hydraulic hose reels Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 5  SIT Internal 2.1 PROVISION OF HOSE REEL SYSTEM (SS 575): The number of hose reels in each building shall be such that all portions of the building (except Purpose Group I buildings and others (refer to Fire Code)) are within 36 m of the hose reel; the distance is to be measured along a route suitable for the hoseline having regard to any obstruction. HR HR a Corridor HR Hosereel a + b ≤ 36 m b Unit A Unit B Unit C Unit D Unit E Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 6  SIT Internal 2.1 PROVISION OF HOSE REEL SYSTEM (SS 575): Any point on each Level must be within 36 m of a Hose Reel Travel distance : 36 m Travel distance : 36 m Offices Fire Hose Fire Hose Reel Reel Corridor Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 7  SIT Internal 2.2 KEY COMPONENTS OF HOSE REEL SYSTEMS 4 1 PUB water supply 2 1 2 Hosereel tank 3 3 Hosereel pumps 4 Air release valve 5 Hosereel Duty pump 5 6 Pipework Standby pump 6 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 8  SIT Internal 2.3 LOCATION OF HOSE REELS a) Hose Reels shall be sited in prominent and accessible positions adjacent to exits (within 5 m from the exit door [Fire Code]), preferably just outside protected corridors, lobbies or staircases on exit routes, but not inside staircases. Hydraulic hose reels not adjacent to exit HR Corridor Maximum 36m Unit A Unit B Unit C Unit D Unit E Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 9  SIT Internal 2.3 LOCATION OF HOSE REELS b) In planning the location of hosereels, consideration should be given to the following points: i. Access to hosereels should not be obstructed by the parking, loading and unloading of vehicles or by the location of furniture, equipment or other material. ii. Protection of hosereels from mechanical damage and unauthorized use. iii. The location of internal walls, partitions, doorways, storage racking, stored heights of goods and other obstructions, which could restrict normal hose coverage through the building. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 10  SIT Internal 2.4 INSTALLATION OF HOSE REELS i. Preferably hose reels should be installed in recesses so that they do not form obstructions on escape routes. ii. Doors provided for hose reel recesses SHALL be so hinged that they can open approximately 180 ˚ so as not to offer any obstruction to the hose being run out in either direction. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 11  SIT Internal 2.4 INSTALLATION OF HOSE REELS Hose reel notices: a) A notice which reads “FIRE HOSE REEL” (50 mm minimum block letters, contrasting colour, resistant to weathering) shall be displayed adjacent to the hose reel (on the door if the hose reel is in a recess) b) A notice giving full operational instructions shall be displayed on or adjacent to the reel, such as: “Turn on the valve before running out hose” Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 12  SIT Internal 2.4 INSTALLATION OF HOSE REELS Hose reel size and type: a) The hose shall be of 20mm or 25mm nominal diameter, Pipework 50mm not exceeding 30m in length and terminating in “shut-off” branches with 4mm or 6mm nozzles. b) Pipework shall not be less than 50mm nominal bore and feeds to individual Hose Feed Pipe 25mm hose reels shall be at least 25mm nominal bore. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 13  SIT Internal 2.5 WATER SUPPLY FOR HOSE REELS Minimum requirements: As a minimum, the water supply to hose reels shall be such that the most hydraulically remote reel (topmost hose reel) will provide a jet discharge of at least 10 m (6 m shall be achieved at all times) in length at a flow rate of at least 0.4 L/s. If 30 m hose tube is used: Minimum running Nozzle diameter pressure 4 mm 6 bars 6 mm 2 bars 30m hose tube + 6m water throw = 36m coverage Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 14  SIT Internal 2.5 WATER SUPPLY FOR HOSE REELS Hosereel pumps: a) One duty pump (electrically driven pump ) and one standby pump. b) Shall come into operation automatically with a drop in pressure or a flow of water, and shall be automatically primed. c) Shall be capable of being started or stopped manually. The standby pump shall operate automatically on failure of the duty pump. d) Emergency power supply shall be provided where available. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 15  SIT Internal 2.5 WATER SUPPLY FOR HOSE REELS Hosereel tank: Minimum capacity of 1100 L. The tank(s) shall be automatically supplied from a town main or a reliable source, controlled by a ball valve of minimum diameter of 50 mm. Pump Sizing: 0.8 liters /s – Based on 2 hose reels in use simultaneously Hosereel tank Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 16  SIT Internal 2.6 TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF HOSE REEL SYSTEMS ❑ Check all inlet valve ❑ Automatic on/off valve (if any) ❑ Glands ❑ Tubing and shut-off nozzle are in working condition Inlet ❑ Hosereel tubing are free from valve leaks Nozzle ❑ Check outlet of the nozzle is not choked. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 17  SIT Internal 2.6 TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF HOSE REEL SYSTEMS ❑ A flow test shall be carried out to ensure a discharge of at least 0.4 L/s and water throw of 10 m (6 m shall be achieved at all times) are achieved. (the most hydraulically remote (the highest) hose reel) reel Inlet valve Throw of 10 m pipe 6 m shall be achieved at all times Water supply Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 18  SIT Internal 2.6 TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF HOSE REEL SYSTEMS ❑ Hosereel pump (duty pump) starting at the pre-set pressure. ❑ Simulate failure of the duty pump, and the standby pump should come into service automatically and maintain the required outputs. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 19  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Hydraulic calculations for fire hydrants, rising mains or hose reels using the Hazen Williams formula and Bernoulli Equation: V12 V22 P1 + +  gz1 = P2 + +  gz2 + Pf (5.1) 2 2 where: P1 P1 and P2 are static pressures (pascal) 1 V1 and V2 are velocities (m/s) z1 and z2 are heights (m) P2 ρ is fluid density (kg/m3) z1 2 Pf is the pressure loss due to friction (pascal) z2 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 20  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Hazen Williams formula: 1.85 Q Pf' = 6.05  1.85 4.87 108 (5.2) C d Pf = Pf'  L (5.3) where: Pf ’ is the pressure loss per unit length in millibar per unit length Q is water volume flow rate (L/min) C is a constant for the class of pipe: = 100 (cast iron pipe) = 120 (steel pipe) d is mean bore diameter of the pipe in millimeter(mm) Pf is the pressure loss due to friction L is the length of the pipe (m) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 21  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Table 5.1 Equivalent length of pipes for fittings (m) Equivalent length of medium grade steel straight pipe (in m) (C valve 120) according to BS EN 10255 Nominal diameter (mm) 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 150 200 250 m m m m m m m m m m m 90˚ screwed elbow 0.63 0.77 1.04 1.22 1.46 1.89 2.37 3.04 4.30 5.67 7.42 90˚ welded elbow (r/d=1.5) 0.30 0.36 0.49 0.56 0.69 0.88 1.10 1.43 2.00 2.64 3.35 45˚ screwed elbow 0.34 0.40 0.55 0.66 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.61 2.30 3.05 3.89 Standard screwed tee or cross 1.25 1.54 2.13 2.44 2.91 3.81 4.75 6.10 8.61 11.34 14.85 (flow through branch) Gate valve-straightway (flanged - - - - 0.38 0.51 0.63 0.81 1.13 1.50 1.97 fitting) Alarm or non-return valve - - - - 2.42 3.18 3.94 5.07 7.17 9.40 12.30 (swinging) flanged fitting Alarm or non-return valve - - - - 2.08 18.91 19.71 25.36 35.88 47.27 61.85 (mushroom) flanged fitting Butterfly valve (flanged fitting) - - - - 2.19 2.86 3.55 4.56 6.38 8.62 9.90 Globe valve-straightway (flanged - - - - 6.43 21.64 26.80 34.48 48.79 64.29 84.11 fitting) *These equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the following factors: C valve 100 110 130 140 Factor 0.714 0.850 1.160 1.330 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 22  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Example 5.1. A 10 cm nominal diameter flanged cast iron water supply line provides service to a home. The pipe between the water tower and the home includes 4 regular 90 ˚ screwed elbow, and 1 gate valve at the residence. The volume flow rate is 0.05 m3/s when the gate valve is fully open. Estimate the height between the water level and the gate valve. d = 10 cm Total pipe length = 20 m h? Q = 0.05 m3/s Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 23  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Bernoulli Equation 0 20 0 V 2 V1 P1 + +  gz1 = P2 + 2 +  gz2 + Pf (1) 2 2 V22  g ( z1 − z2 ) = + Pf =  gh (2) 2 Velocity V2 Q 0.05 V2 = 2 = = 6.366 m / s (3)  r   0.05 2 Hazen Williams formula Q1.85 (0.05 1000  60)1.85 P = 6.05  1.85 4.87 10 = 6.05  ' 8  108 = 59.5 millibar/m (4) 100 100 f 1.85 4.87 C d Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 24  SIT Internal 2.7 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Hazen Williams formula Total pipe length 4 elbows 1 gate valve Total equivalent length 20 m 3.04 x 4 = 12.16 m 0.81 m 32.97 m Pressure loss due to friction: Pf = Pf'  L = 59.5  32.97 = 1961.7millibar = 1.9617bar (5) V22 1000  6.3662  gh = + Pf = + 1.9617 105 = 216, 433 pascal (6) 2 2 Height 216, 433 216, 433 h= = = 22.06m (7) g 1000  9.81 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 25  SIT Internal 2.8 HOSE REEL OPERATION For Class A fire only ! Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 26  SIT Internal 3 RECAP 1. Provision of hose reel system 2. Schematic diagram and key components of hose reel systems 3. Hose reel size and type requirements 4. Hose reel water flow requirement 5. Hose reel pumps requirements 6. Hose reel tank requirements Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 5 27  Chapter 6 Fire Hydrants and Rising Main Systems Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6  SIT Internal LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Discuss the provisions of fire hydrants 2. List & explain critical system components of Dry Rising and Wet Rising Main Systems 3. Explain the system operations & maintenance need of Dry Rising and Wet Rising Main Systems Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 2  SIT Internal CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Fire Hydrant 2.1 Provision of private fire hydrant 2.2 Type of fire hydrant 2.3 Factors affecting fire hydrant location 3. Rising Mains 3.1 Type of rising main 3.2 Rising main, dry (dry riser) 3.3 Rising main, wet (wet riser) 4. Building Under Construction Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 3  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Fire hydrant, wet and dry rising mains are regulated by: i. Singapore Fire Code ii. SS 575: Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant, Rising Mains and Hose Reel Systems (Formerly CP 29) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 4  SIT Internal 2. FIRE HYDRANT FIRE HYDRANTS – THE MAIN SOURCE OF WATER FOR FIRE FIGHTING Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 5  SIT Internal 2. FIRE HYDRANT 2.1 Description of Fire Hydrants ❑ Essentially a short standing pipe provided with outlet connections. ❑ Connected to water supply mains from which fire service pumpers draw water for fighting fires. ❑ Water supply to fire hydrant is controlled by hydrant valve. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 6  SIT Internal 2. FIRE HYDRANT 2.2 Provision of private fire hydrant (Fire Code): Every part of a fire engine access road and/or an accessway in a private lot shall be within an unobstructed distance of 50m from a hydrant. Where a public hydrant conforming to such requirement is not available, private hydrant(s) shall be provided. >50m Public road A H Public hydrant H Public hydrant Car parks 50m H1 C 50m 50m H2 50m B 45 m If H < 45 m Riser diameter Is 150 mm Riser diameter Is 100 mm Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 29  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets a) A two-way breeching inlet for a 100 mm bore rising main b) A four-way breeching inlet for a 150 mm bore rising main c) Male couplings for connecting to 63.5 mm diameter standard hose Two-way breeching inlet Four-way breeching inlet Note: Breeching inlet shall be painted in yellow for dry riser and red for wet riser Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 30  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets If H < 45 m If H > 45 m Riser diameter Riser diameter Is 100 mm Is 150 mm Provide only 2- Provide 4-way way breeching breeching inlet inlet Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 31  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets If the building height above the fire engine access level is less than 45 m, But the dry riser is provided with two-way landing valve, then the riser must be 150mm in diameter and the riser must be provided with a four- way breeching inlet. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 32  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets ❑ Position breeching inlet near fire hydrants ❑ Breeching inlets are located: on external wall of building within 18 metres of fire engine access as close as possible to rising main. in visible position for firemen. Breeching inlet should be installed not less than 760 mm to 1000 mm above ground level. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 33  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 34  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.6 Provisions of Breeching Inlets The distance between the breeching inlet and fire engine access (Hard standing) should not exceed 18 m Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 35  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.7 Automatic Air Release Valve ❑ Provide automatic air release valve at highest point of rising main ❑ Allow air in riser to escape when water is pumped in OPEN CLOSING CLOSED air under pressure liquid causes poppet to rise; as liquid continues flows out air under pressure to rise, poppet seals still flows out against orifice Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 36  SIT Internal 3.3 RISING MAIN, DRY (DRY RISER) 3.3.8 Drain Valves ❑ Lowest point of pipework ❑ Connect to nearest drain Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 37  SIT Internal 3.3.9 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF DRY RISING MAIN Visual inspections (every six months) i. Breeching inlet ii. Riser pipe iii. Landing valves Hydrostatic testing (annually) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 38  SIT Internal 3.3.9 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF DRY RISING MAIN Breeching Inlet Clear of obstructions Housed in protective enclosure & rigidly supported. Painted yellow and labeled “Dry riser breeching inlet”. Stack numerically differentiated. Location of breeching inlets are according to plan. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 39  SIT Internal 3.3.9 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF DRY RISING MAIN Riser Pipe Number of riser stacks in order. Direction of flow indicated. Earthing provided. Fire rated cover for pipe sections passing through unprotected areas. Air release valve provided. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 40  SIT Internal 3.3.9 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF DRY RISING MAIN Landing Valves Conditions of hand wheel satisfactory Strapped & padlocked Pressure reducing facility provided if applicable Riser numbers clearly indicated. Clear of obstructions Painted in yellow Note: Landing valves shall be painted in yellow for dry riser and red for wet riser Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 41  SIT Internal 3.3.9 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF DRY RISING MAIN Hydrostatic Pressure Test Hydrostatic test shall be carried out by filling the riser with water using a manual hand pump or a motorized pump, and develop a pressure of 13.8 bars (200 psi). The test shall be measured at the lowest point of the system. The pressure must remain unchanged for 2 hours. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 42  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.1 Descriptions of wet rising main system ❑ Wet rising system: permanently charged with water from storage tank and pumps ❑ Water is immediately available at landing valve for fighting fires ❑ Required for buildings beyond 60 meters (maximum zone height 120 m) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 43  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.2 Key components of wet rising main system 4 3 1 Breeching inlet 1 2 5 2 Riser pipe 3 Landing valves 4 Air release valve 5 Water storage tank 6 Pumping system (Duty, jockey, standby) 6 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 44  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) Automatic air release valve › 60 m above ground level Wet Rising Main : permanently filled with water For buildings with habitable heights greater than 60 metres Pressure relief pipe Landing valve with Water flows back to Pressure control water tank or drain Breeching inlet for Fire Service pressure switch p s To drain PUB water Water Duty and supply tank Standby Pumps Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 45  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.3 Water Supply – Flow Rates The following minimum water supply flow rate shall be maintained in the wet riser/downcomer system when 3 landing valves within the system are in the fully open position: a) 27 L/s for residential building; b) 38 L/s for non-residential or mixed occupancy building Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 46  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.3 Water Supply – Flow Rates (Multiple rising mains) When there is more than one rising main/downcomer within the same development, the water supply to the rising mains may be common, and shall comply with Table 3.2: Table 3.2 – Water flow rates for wet rising mains No. of stacks Water flow rate for non- Water flow rate for residential buildings residential buildings 1 38 L/s 27 L/s 2 57 L/s 40.5 L/s 3 76 L/s 54 L/s 4 and above 95 L/s 67.5 L/s Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 47  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.3 Water Supply – Flow Rates (Multiple rising mains) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 48  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.4 Water Storage & Storage ❑ Supply from static water storage tank ❑ Duration of storage – 45 minutes ❑ Automatic replenishment from PUB mains Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 49  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.4 Water Storage & Storage Automatic air release ❑ The fire engine draws water from the valve hydrant and pump the water through breeching inlet connected to the water tank. ❑ Wet riser pumps will transfer the water to the fire floor Pump panel p s To drain Water Duty and tank Standby Pumps Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 50  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.4 Water Storage & Storage ❑ High & Low water tank arrangement Roof storage can be reduced to 30 mins Break tanks or low-level water transfer tank, which are not serving as storage tanks shall have an effective holding capacity of not less than 11.5 m3 for each rising main Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 51  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.5 Running Pressure ❑ A minimum running pressure of 3.5 bar and a maximum of 5.5 bar shall be maintained at each landing valve when any number, up to three, are fully open. ❑ Water pressure can be regulated by: Diverting flow through a drainpipe Pressure reducing landing valve Intermediate tank and pumps Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 52  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.5 Running Pressure ❑ High water pressure > 5.5 bar Fireman will not be able to control the hose and dangerously swing out of control When nozzle of a fire fighting hose is shut off, water pressure may build up in hose. To reduce risk of hose bursting, pressure control valve at landing valve will open. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 53  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.5 Running Pressure ❑ High water pressure > 5.5 bar Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 54  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.6 Limiting Static Pressure ❑ To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements shall be made in accordance with BS 5041: Part 1 so that when the water is shut off at the nozzle, the static pressure in any line of hose connected to a landing valve not exceed 7 bar. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 55  SIT Internal 3.4 RISING MAIN, WET (WET RISER) 3.4.7 Pumps for Wet Rising Mains ❑ Pumps shall consist of: Two fire pumps, each pump is capable of providing independently the necessary water flow and pressure requirements. Both pumps can be electric pumps if connected to secondary power supply. One electric and one diesel pump if no secondary power supply is available. Standby pump will operate automatically when duty pump fails. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 56  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Visual inspections (every six months) i. Breeching inlet ii. Riser pipe iii. Landing valves Flow test Static pressure test (Annually) Testing of pumping equipment Water supply & storage Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 57  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Visual inspections i. Breeching inlet Similar to dry riser system + Painted in red and labeled “Wet riser breeching inlet”. Breeching inlet connected to wet riser water tank or transfer tank ii. Riser pipe Similar to dry riser system iii. Landing valves Similar to dry riser system Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 58  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Flow test – flow rate The following minimum water supply flow rate shall be maintained in the wet riser/downcomer system when 3 landing valves within the system are in the fully open position: a) 27 L/s for residential building; b) 38 L/s for non-residential or mixed occupancy building Note: The hydraulically critical landing valve must be identified. Usually the highest landing valve in the riser stack is subjected to flow test. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 59  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM ❑ The flow test has to be conducted on Wet riser system installed in a warehouse building. Landing valve NO: 9. The floor to ceiling height ❑ The flow test must be conducted on the of each storey is 9m critical landing valve having the lowest hydraulic pressures in the rising mains. Landing valve NO: 9 is the critical landing valve where the hydraulic pressure is the lowest, and therefore the flow test must be conducted on landing valve No 9. ❑ Since the building is classified as a commercial building the minimum flow rate required is 38 litres/s. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 60  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Flow test-flow rate Flow measuring equipment up to 60l/s Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 61  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Flow test - running pressure A minimum running pressure of 3.5 bar and a maximum of 5.5 bar shall be maintained at each landing valve when any number, up to three, are fully open. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 62  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Wet riser system installed in a warehouse building. The floor to ceiling height of each storey is 9m ❑ The running pressure is measured at landing valve NO:9 ❑ The minimum value of running pressure is 3.5 bar ❑ The maximum value of the running pressure is 5.5 bar. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 63  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Flow test - running pressure Running Pressure measuring pitot tube Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 64  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Flow test - running pressure Running Pressure measuring pitot tube Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 65  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Static pressure test Identify hydraulically critical landing valves for static pressure. The maximum static pressure at the critical landing valves should not exceed 7 bars. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 66  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT The static pressure has to be measured at the landing valve where the hydraulic pressure is the highest in the system. Landing valve NO;1 is where the hydraulic pressure is high, and therefore the static pressure has to be measured on landing valve NO:1. The maximum value of static pressure permissible in wet risers is 7 bar. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 67  SIT Internal 3.4.8 TESTING AND MAINTAINING OF WET RISER SYSTEM Testing of pumping equipment Water supply & storage Similar to sprinkler system ! Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 68  SIT Internal 4. BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION Rising mains shall be in an operational condition (except the uppermost 3 storeys) as soon as any completed floor of the building reaches 24 m above ground. Such rising mains shall be installed progressively as the building attains height. Top Top most 3 most 3 storeys storeys 60m Dry Wet rising rising mains mains Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 69  SIT Internal 5. RECAP 1. Provision of fire hydrants 2. Dry rising mains provisions (when do we need dry rising mains) 3. Schematic diagram and key components of dry rising main systems 4. Required number of rising mains 5. Provision of landing values and installation requirements 6. Size of Dry Rising mains 7. Provision of breeching inlets 8. Location of breeching inlets 9. Testing of dry rising mains 10. Schematic diagram and key components of wet rising main 11. Testing of wet rising mains Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 6 70  Chapter 7 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Discuss the system design and limitations of automatic fire sprinkler systems 2. List and explain critical system components of automatic fire sprinkler systems 3. Explain the system operations and maintenance need of automatic fire sprinkler systems Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 2  SIT Internal CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems 3. Sprinkler Heads 4. Design of Sprinkler System 5. Testing & Maintaining Wet Sprinkler System 6. Duties of FSM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 3  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Automatic fire sprinkler system is regulated by: i. Singapore Fire Code ii. SS CP 52: Code of Practice for Automatic Fire Sprinkler System Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 4  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Description of Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems 1) An automatic sprinkler system is a fire suppression system consisting of network of water pipes and sprinkler heads 2) Water is fed to the sprinklers through network of water pipes 3) Sprinkler heads are spaced at regular intervals and are normally suspended from ceiling 4) Heat from fire ruptures sprinkler head 5) Water discharges from piping at or near seat of fire due to pressure in piping systems 6) Alarm gong operates at the same time by water flowing from alarm valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 5  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Description of Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems Image result for sprinkler system diagram Range pipe Water Tank Sprinkler riser pipe Sprinkler pumps Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 6  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Description of Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems Sprinkler bulb contains an expansive liquid which expands rapidly due to elevated temperature Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 7  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Functions of an automatic fire sprinkler system: Detects fire automatically Sounds alarm (Integrated alarm) Delivers water to the location of fire through sprinkler heads Prevent fire spread (Fire propagation) Controls smoke generation from fire Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 8  SIT Internal 2.1 PROVISION OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (SS CP 52): The following shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system: i. Whenever compartment requirements of Fire Code cannot be complied with. ii. Every storey of buildings of more than 24m in habitable height (except that of purpose group I & II). iii. For mixed occupancy building (residential & non-residential) floors that are > 24m, every floor of the non-residential portion shall be sprinklered. BLK A BLK B Residential floors (non-sprinklered) Residential building > 24m (non-sprinklered) > 24m Shopping floors (Sprinklered) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 9  SIT Internal 2.1 PROVISION OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (SS CP 52): The following shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system: iv. All basement floors except Group I & II shall be sprinklered. v. Basement car parks for Group II buildings shall be sprinklered. Exception: When where is only 1 basement and adequate openings are provided for cross ventilation Waiver for Non-residential sprinkler can floors Residential be considered floors Sprinkler required One storey only Basement Basement carpark Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 10  SIT Internal 2.1 PROVISION OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (SS CP 52): EXCEPTIONS: For special rooms, sprinklers can be exempted if the rooms are properly fire compartment: HT (high tension)/LT (low tension) switch rooms Transformer rooms (oil type) Electric lift motor room Electrical room Emergency lighting battery room MDF and PABX room Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 11  SIT Internal 2.2 TYPES OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM: Sprinkler installation type Installed where where the potential for freezing 1 Wet pipe system does not exist Dry pipe system where areas subject to freezing 2 temperatures Pre-action sprinkler where accidental discharge of 3 system water is unacceptable where areas require total water 4 Deluge system coverage (extra high hazard area) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 12  SIT Internal 2.3 KEY COMPONENTS OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM 1 Breeching inlet 6 Sprinkler pipe network 2 Water storage tank 7 Sprinkler heads 3 Sprinkler pumps 7 4 Sprinkler control valves 5 Fire alarm system 6 1 4 2 5 3 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 13  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM o Simplest and most common type of installation. o System is permanently charged with water under pressure up to sprinkler heads. o Installed where the potential for freezing does not exist. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 14  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Flow switch signal transmitted to Fire Alarm Panel Automatic air release valve Sprinkler head Main Distribution pipe Flow switch System Pressure gauge Fire Alarm gong G Flow gauge Alarm Panel Alarm valve Water proving pipe Main control valve Duty pump Pressure switch Supply PUB supply Pressure Water gauge tank Jockey Pump control panel Breeching inlet for Fire service pump Automatic Fire Sprinkler System Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 15  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Normal Condition: Flow Switch Central Two pressure gauges Alarms Pressure Pressure switch Switch Retard chamber Retard Alarm gong Chamber Alarm Clapper System Water Gong Closed Pilot Pressure Motor Gauge Valve Supply Pressure Test line Drip Gauge Line System pressure Main Supply pressure Control Drain Valve No pressure Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 16  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Activation Condition: Flow Switch Central Integrated alarm Alarms Flow switch activated Pressure Pressure switch on retard chamber Switch Hydraulically driven Alarm gong Retard Clapper Chamber Alarm System Opens Water Gong Pilot Pressure Motor Gauge Valve Supply Pressure Test line Drip Gauge Line System pressure Main Supply pressure Control Drain Valve No pressure Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 17  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Operations: When the heat of the fire rises to the sprinkler head operating temperature, the sprinkler head “bursts” and releases water. A flow switch activated by the water flow movement activates the fire alarm system. Fire As water pressure Panel Flow switch drops, the pressure Alarm Sprinkler heads sensor activates the sprinkler pump into operation to provide Jocky pump the required water supply. Sprinkler pump Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 18  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Sprinkler Alarm Valve Main Control Valve OS & Y valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 19  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Sprinkler Alarm Valve-Wet sprinkler valve Image result for sprinkler diaphragm alarm valve Located immediately above main control valve. Kept closed by water pressure above it. When sprinkler operates, water pressure above alarm valve drops. Valve opens, allowing water to flow into system to feed sprinkler heads. At same time, water flows into the Wet sprinkler valve is a alarm gong, raising alarm. vertical valve NON- RESTRAINED Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 20  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Main Control Valve Normally locked OPEN Purpose: To isolate system for maintenance and modification work To shut down water to sprinklers after fire has been put out to minimise water damage Why SCDF require the main control valve to be strapped & padlocked??? Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 21  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Reason for Failure of Sprinkler System (NFPA): Cause No. of failures Percentage of total failures Valve shut 909 36.0 Partial protection 203 7.0 Inadequate water supply 245 9.6 System frozen 29 1.1 Slow operation 49 1.9 Defective dry-pipe valve 48 1.9 Poor building construction 154 6.0 Obstruction to distribution 214 8.4 Hazard of occupancy 334 13.1 Exposure fire (explosions etc.) 47 1.8 Inadequate maintenance 88 3.4 Blocked pipework 123 4.8 Antiquated systems 46 2.5 Miscellaneous 74 1.8 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 22  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Reason for Valve Being Shut when Fire Occurred (NFPA): Cause Failures (%) Valve defective or leaking 0.2 Closed for no known reason 22.0 Shut off too early in fire 22.0 System under repair or being altered 21.0 To prevent freezing 20.0 To assist arson 5.0 Fear of water damage 2.0 Other 7.0 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 23  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Main control valve should be strapped and padlocked not by chain but by leather straps As an alterative a tapper switch can be installed and connected to FCC or an alarm panel Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 24  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Breeching inlet Allows fireman to back up water supply to fire sprinkler system Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 25  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Breeching inlet Breeching inlet connected to the header pipe. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 26  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Arrangement of pumps for sprinkler system: 1 One jockey pump 2 One duty pump 3 One stand by pump ❖ One electric pump (duty) and 3 one diesel pump (stand by), or Pressure switches ❖ Two electrical pumps one servicing duty and the other stand by of similar capacity, both connected to generator power supply. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 27  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Arrangement of pumps for sprinkler system: Jockey pump ❑ Jokey pump - Low flow high pressure pump. ❑ Jokey pump maintains the water pressure in the sprinkler piping and continuously monitors the water pressure. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 28  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Pressure Switches ❑ Three Pressure switches are installed. ❑ If there is small pressure drop caused by water leakage, pressure switch will start jockey pump to restore pressure. ❑ If pressure drops quickly because sprinkler head ruptures, pressure switch will start main fire pump (Duty pump) to supply water to system. ❑ If duty pump fails to start, then standby pump will activate. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 29  SIT Internal 2.4.1 WET PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Pressure Switches Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 30  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM o For areas subject to freeing temperatures (e.g., cold room). o Above the control valve, system is charged with compressed air/ nitrogen instead of water. o Dry pipe valve held closed by air pressure. o Upon action of sprinkler head, air is released and water flows into the pipework. Dry pipe valve Compressed air Air Pressure Dry pipe valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 31  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM DRY PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN COLD ROOM WAREHOUSE_WHITE Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 32  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Dry Pipe Sprinkler Valve Dry pipe valve contains compressed air above the valve clapper and water under pressure below the valve clapper Dry pipe valves have large diameter to equalize high water pressure with low air pressure Differential pressure valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 33  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Accelerators for Dry Pipe Sprinkler System Dry pipe sprinkler system when activated has a time delay due to the pipes filled with compressed air. Dry pipe sprinkler systems use a quick air release devise known as accelerator to discharge the compressed air and open the valve rapidly. The number of sprinklers controlled by a single dry-pipe valve shall not exceed 500 sprinklers if accelerator or an exhauster is provided. Without an accelerator or an exhauster the number of sprinklers controlled by a single dry-pipe valve shall not exceed 250 sprinklers Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 34  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Accelerators for Dry Pipe Sprinkler System Mechanical accelerators are used in smaller dry-pipe sprinkler systems. Assists mainly in opening the dry pipe valve quickly to let water into the piping Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 35  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 36  SIT Internal 2.4.2 DRY PIPE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 37  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM o For areas where accidental discharge of water is unacceptable. o System is charged with low pressure air. o Heat/Smoke detector send signal to valve to release water to pipework and sound alarm. o When sprinkler burst, water is discharged. Low pressure air Detector E.g. Computer rooms, Control panel Pre-Action libraries Valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 38  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Pre-Action Sprinkler System 1) Pre-action fire sprinkler systems water is not normally contained within the pipes. But rather holding pressurized air or nitrogen. 2) Pre-action sprinkler systems restrain water with an electrically or hydraulically operated valve, known as a pre-action valve. 3) Pre-Action sprinkler system operated by fire detection system and diaphragm pre-action sprinkler valve Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4) With activation of fire detector, the fire alarm is sounded and then signals solenoid valve to be opened. 5) Water enters the piping and the system is ready for fire fighting. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Normal Condition Detector Activated Diaphragm valve is restrained by Diaphragm valve is opened when the pin. the pin is withdrawn due to water Diaphragm chamber is filled draining from the diaphragm with water and pressurised. chamber through solenoid valve. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM 6) Water will discharge when sprinkler opened by developed fire Related image Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM These two steps procedure provide an added level of protection against inadvertent discharge, which makes pre-action systems ideal for water-sensitive environments. This is known as SINGLE INTERLOCK – PREACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Pre-Action sprinkler system operated by pilot sprinkler system and diaphragm pre-action sprinkler valve Detection Sprinkler Pilot Sprinkler System Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Pilot sprinkler heads – No deflectors ❑ Pilot sprinkler heads are also known as detection sprinkler head. Its primary duty is to detect fires in the protected areas. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Application of Pre-Action Sprinkler System ❑ Pre-action systems are usually employed in areas that are at risk for serious water damage due to damaged sprinklers and/or piping. ❑ They operate faster than dry systems, but tend to be significantly more expensive. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Vertical diaphragm valve Vertically operating diaphragm valve. Commonly used in pre action sprinkler systems Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Inclined diaphragm valve Inclined or vertical diaphragm valves operate in the same manner as all diaphragm valves Only difference is the valve is installed in vertical or inclined position Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Where do we install Pre-Action sprinkler systems? ❑ ART MUSEUMS Related image Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.3 PRE-ACTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM Where do we install Pre-Action sprinkler systems? ❑ SERVER ROOMS & COMPUTER ROOMS Image result for server room Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM o For areas that require total water coverage. (Extra high hazard area) o Pipes are usually empty, sprinklers are open. o Detectors activate control valve to allow water to flow. o Thus providing fast and total wetting of protected areas. Open Empty pipe Sprinkler Detector Control panel Deluge Valve E.g. Aircraft hangars, power generating stations, and petrochemical facilities Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 53  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge Sprinkler Heads ❑ Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open, ❑ Deluge sprinkler systems provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard area ❑ Used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 54  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge VS Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems ❑ There are many similarities between deluge sprinkler system and deluge sprinkler system. ❑ The operation of deluge valve and pre-action sprinkler valve are similar ❑ Deluge sprinkler system use diaphragm valves which have a hydraulically pressurised diaphragm chamber and locked by a solenoid valve. ❑ In Deluge diaphragm valve the valve clapper is restrained by a pin attached to the diaphragm Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 55  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 56  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge Sprinkler Systems 1) When the first fire detector is activated the fire alarms will be sounded. However the solenoid valve will not open. 2) When the second detector is activated the solenoid valve will open and depressurise the diaphragm compartment. 3) With depressurisation of diaphragm compartment the pin restraining the valve clapper will withdraw and allow water to enter the sprinkler pipes. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 57  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Water Requirement ❑ Designed by full hydraulic calculations. ❑ Designed to provide water at the designed pressure for open sprinklers operating all at the same time. ❑ Design intensity of discharge are usually high. ❑ Water should be able to reach the sprinkler located at the extreme range pipe within 60 seconds. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 58  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge sprinkler systems for LPG storage tanks Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 59  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge sprinkler system operation in industrial fires Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 60  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Deluge sprinkler systems for chemical storage tanks Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 61  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Avoid Accidental Activation Deluge sprinkler systems are usually provided with two gate valves one below and one above the deluge valve, The gate valve above the deluge valve is to prevent water damage with accidental activation of deluge system Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 62  SIT Internal 2.4.4 DELUGE (SPRINKLER) SYSTEM Avoid Accidental Activation ❑ In an event of an accidental operation of a deluge system the water damage caused will be extensive. ❑ The gate valve above the deluge valve is provided to prevent extensive water damage ❑ During accidental activation, the drain valve is opened and the gate valve is closed and the water diverted through the drain pipe. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 63  SIT Internal 3 SPRINKLER HEADS Types of sprinkler head: Operation Type Distribution Type Fusible type Upright sprinkler Frangible type Pendent sprinkler Conventional sprinkler Sidewall sprinkler Open Sprinkler Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 64  SIT Internal 3.1 SPRINKLER HEAD OPERATION TYPE Fusible type sprinkler Combination of levers, struts & links. Held together by fusible metal alloy of predetermined melting point. Susceptible to corrosion compared to bulb type Deflector Frame Levers Cap Fusible links (Release Mechanism) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 65  SIT Internal 3.1 SPRINKLER HEAD OPERATION TYPE Frangible type of sprinkler Small glass bulb containing highly expansive liquid. When heated, liquid expands, pressure increases and bulb shatters. Cap is released and water flows through orifice. Frame Deflector Glass 1 2 3 bulb Cap Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 66  SIT Internal 3.1 SPRINKLER HEAD OPERATION TYPE Quartz (glass) bulb ▪ Filled with a highly expansive coloured liquid. ▪ Different colour, different expansion rates. Orange Red Yellow Green Blue Mauve Black 57 ˚C 68 ˚C 79 ˚C 93 ˚C 141 ˚C 182 ˚C 204-260 ˚C Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 67  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 1 Upright sprinkler: A sprinkler head that is installed on the top of the sprinkler piping. Upright Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 68  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 1 Upright sprinkler: UPRIGHT SPRINKLER HEADS USED IN CAR PARKS Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 69  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 1 Upright sprinkler-Spray Pattern ▪ Upright sprinkler heads are provided with flat deflector. ▪ Upright sprinkler heads must be fixed in the upright position ▪ Produces hemispherical water distribution with little or no water reaching the ceiling. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 70  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 1 Upright sprinkler-Spray Pattern Upright Upright spray profile sprinkler head Hemispherical distribution Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 71  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 2 Pendent sprinkler: A sprinkler installed to discharge down towards the floor. Pendent Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 72  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 2 Pendent sprinkler-Spray Pattern ▪ A wider deflector produces hemispherical distribution below sprinkler with little or no water reaching ceiling. Pendent Spray Flat Ceiling Sprinkler Head Hemispherical water discharge pattern Spray Type Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 73  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 2 Pendent sprinkler-Spray Pattern Pendent Hemispherical distribution sprinkler head Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 74  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 2 Pendent sprinkler-Spray Pattern Pendent sprinkler cannot be used if the building is provided with combustible ceiling. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 75  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 3 Conventional sprinkler head ▪ Produces spherical water distribution both above and below sprinkler with some degree of ceiling wetting. Conventional Sprinkler Head Flat Ceiling Wetting of Ceiling Spherical discharge Conventional Type Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 76  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 3 Conventional sprinkler head Conventional sprinkler head Conventional sprinkler head spray profile Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 77  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 3 Conventional sprinkler head ▪ Conventional sprinkler heads can be mounted in pendent or upright directions Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 78  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 4 Sidewall sprinkler: ▪ Produces a unique distribution below sprinkler with little or no water reaching ceiling. ▪ Gives skewed quarter spherical distribution below sprinkler. ▪ Designed for use at side of rooms in hotels or hospital buildings, Used in Atrium spaces. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 79  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 4 Sidewall sprinkler:-Spray Pattern Flat Ceiling Side Wall Sprinkler Head Side Wall Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 80  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 4 Sidewall sprinkler:-Spray Pattern Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 81  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 4 Sidewall sprinkler: ▪ Limited to Light Hazard group and Ordinary hazard group 1 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 82  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 5 Open sprinkler: o For deluge sprinkler system. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 83  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 6 Drencher sprinkler head (Water curtain sprinkler heads): Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 84  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 6 Drencher sprinkler head (Water curtain sprinkler heads): Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 85  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 6 Drencher sprinkler head (Water curtain sprinkler heads): Water curtain is generated by a stream of water discharged through a drencher sprinkler head on the glass panel. Related image Water curtain will cool the glass panel and prevent the fire breaking through the glass panel. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 86  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 7 Flush sprinkler/Concealed sprinkler: o Pendent sprinkler used for aesthetic purpose. o Based flushes to ceiling. o Heat sensitive element below ceiling line. o Use in hotel lobbies, dining hall. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 87  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 7 Flush sprinkler/Concealed sprinkler: o The deflector drops down when the cover fall away. o The discharge of water will take place only when the bulb is ruptured by the fire. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 88  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 7 Flush sprinkler/Concealed sprinkler: o Semi-Recessed Sprinkler Head Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 89  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 8 Dry sprinkler head: o Sprinkler heads for cold room fire protection Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 90  SIT Internal 3.2 SPRINKLER HEAD DISTRIBUTION TYPE 9 Institutional Sprinkler heads: o Institutional sprinklers cannot be tampered or vandalised used in detention centres, prisons, mental hospitals. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 91  SIT Internal 4 DESIGN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4.1 Occupancy hazard classification: Hazard grouping is important as the following sprinkler system design parameters depend on: ❑ The type of sprinkler head – orifice size ❑ Intensity of water discharge ❑ Area coverage per sprinkler head ❑ Volume of dedicated water storage Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 92  SIT Internal 4 DESIGN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4.1 Occupancy hazard classification: 1. Light Hazard: Non-industrial occupancies where the amount and combustibility of the contents is low. E.g. Hospital, hotels, libraries, museums, nursing homes, residential houses, medical and dental consulting rooms, school, colleges, universities. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 93  SIT Internal 4 DESIGN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4.1 Occupancy hazard classification: 2. Ordinary Hazard: Commercial and industrial occupancies involving the handling, processing and storage of mainly ordinary combustible materials unlikely to develop intensely burning fires in the initial stages. o Group I Offices, restaurants and cafes o Group II Bakeries, laundries, motor garages, car park o Group III Aircraft factories, clothing factories, departmental stores, printing rooms, theaters and music hall, warehouses o Group III Special Cotton mills, film and television studios, fibre glass product manufacturers, match factories Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 94  SIT Internal 4 DESIGN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4.1 Occupancy hazard classification: 3. High Hazard: Commercial and industrial occupancies having abnormal fire loads. E.g. Aircraft hangars, celluloid works, foam plastics and foam rubber factories, paint and varnish factories, wood wool works, high piled storage risks, oil and flammable liquid hazard. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 95  SIT Internal 4 DESIGN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM 4.2 Sprinkler discharge output requirement: Sprinkler system shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed areas of operation as below: Design density of Assumed area of Class of hazard discharge (mm/min) operation (m2) Ordinary: Group I 5 72 Group II 5 144 Group III 5 216 Group III special 5 360 High: Process risks 7.5 to 12.5 260 High piled storage risks 7.5 to 30 260 or 300 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 96  SIT Internal 4.2 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE OUTPUT REQUIREMENT Density of discharge (mm/min): The averaged flow in a given period of time over any four adjacent sprinklers on the corners of a square of rectangle. Total discharge from 4 sprinklers (mm3/min) Density of Discharge (mm/min) = 4 x Floor area enclosed (mm2) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 97  SIT Internal 4.2 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE OUTPUT REQUIREMENT Assume area of operation: The area, i.e. the maximum number of sprinklers likely to operate, in a sprinklered building which is considered may be involved in a fire. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 98  SIT Internal 4.2 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE OUTPUT REQUIREMENT Maximum area of coverage per sprinkler Hazard Group Maximum Area Coverage per Sprinkler (m2) Sidewall Sprinklers Other Sprinkler Light Hazard 17 21 Ordinary Hazard 9 12 High Hazard (Process) - 9 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 99  SIT Internal 4.2 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE OUTPUT REQUIREMENT Example 7.1: Find the number of sprinkler head required if the room to be protected is 8 m x 6 m and of Ordinary Hazard group. Room Area A: A = 8  6 = 48 m 2 (1) No. of Sprinklers required: Area of room(m 2 ) 48 N= 2 = =4 (2) Max. area coverage per sprinkler (m ) 12 (For ordinary hazard, the maximum area coverage per sprinkler is 12 m2) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 100  SIT Internal 4.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM – WATER SUPPLY Water supply for sprinkler system shall be from sprinkler water tank via automatic sprinkler pumps. The capacity of water storage depends on: o Occupancy hazard classification o With/Without auto inflow Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 101  SIT Internal 4.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM – WATER SUPPLY Capacity of water storage (Without auto inflow) o Light Hazard “min of calculated flow rate for the most unfavorable six sprinklers for a duration of 30 mins + 20% (safety factor)” = 48 L/min* x 6 x 30 mins x 1.2 = 103680 L o Ordinary Hazard Depends on occupancy group and max height of sprinkler in building above lowest sprinkler Table 16 of CP52: 2004 *Light hazard systems shall be fully hydraulically designed o High Hazard to provide a flow of at least 48 L/min from each sprinkler within each hydraulically most unfavourable group of six Table 24 of CP52: 2004 sprinklers in all parts of the building regardless of the area covered by individual sprinklers Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 102  SIT Internal 4.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM – WATER SUPPLY Table 16 Water storage capacity for ordinary hazard class systems Maximum height of sprinklers in Ordinary occupancy building or stage above lowest Minimum capacity (L) hazard group sprinkler (m) 15 55,000 30 70,000 I 45 80,000 60 90,000 75 100,000 15 105,000 30 125,000 II 45 140,000 60 160,000 75 175,000 15 135,000 30 160,000 III 45 185,000 60 205,000 75 220,000 15 160,000 30 185,000 III 45 205,000 Special 60 225,000 75 245,000 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 103  SIT Internal 4.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM – WATER SUPPLY Table 24 Water storage capacity for high hazard class systems Design density Maximum period of Minimum capacity (L) mm/min Inflow for suction tanks (mins) 7.5 237,000 10.0 316,000 12.5 395,000 15.0 474,000 17.5 553,000 90 20.0 729,000 22.5 820,000 25.0 911,000 27.5 1,002,000 30.0 1,094,000 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 104  SIT Internal 4.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM – WATER SUPPLY Capacity of water storage (With reliable auto inflow) Hazard Group Minimum reduced Minimum duration tank capacity (L) for pump capacity at full capacity (mins) Light Hazard 6,912 30 Group I 25,000 Ordinary Group II 50,000 60 Hazard Group III 75,000 Group III special 100,000 Not less than 2/3 of High Hazard listed capacity of 90 Table 24 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 7 105  SIT Internal 4.4 SPRINKLER SYSTEM - SPACING S = design spacing of sprinklers on range pipes D = distance between rows of sprinklers S/2 S S S/2 D D 2 D D