Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which formula is used to relate pressure loss and velocity in hydraulic systems?
Which formula is used to relate pressure loss and velocity in hydraulic systems?
What is the primary function of the dry pipe valve in a dry pipe sprinkler system?
What is the primary function of the dry pipe valve in a dry pipe sprinkler system?
Under what condition does a pre-action sprinkler system release water into the pipework?
Under what condition does a pre-action sprinkler system release water into the pipework?
What element is used to maintain the pre-action valve in a restrained state?
What element is used to maintain the pre-action valve in a restrained state?
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In which scenario would a pre-action sprinkler system most likely be employed?
In which scenario would a pre-action sprinkler system most likely be employed?
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How is the control panel related to the pre-action sprinkler system's operation?
How is the control panel related to the pre-action sprinkler system's operation?
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What is the maximum distance between the breeching inlet and fire engine access?
What is the maximum distance between the breeching inlet and fire engine access?
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At what height should the breeching inlet be installed above ground level?
At what height should the breeching inlet be installed above ground level?
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Where should the automatic air release valve be positioned in relation to the rising main?
Where should the automatic air release valve be positioned in relation to the rising main?
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What is the primary purpose of the automatic air release valve in the system?
What is the primary purpose of the automatic air release valve in the system?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the visual inspections conducted every six months?
Which of the following is NOT part of the visual inspections conducted every six months?
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What feature should be included at the lowest point of the pipework?
What feature should be included at the lowest point of the pipework?
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Which factor is crucial when positioning the breeching inlet?
Which factor is crucial when positioning the breeching inlet?
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What happens when the liquid in the rising main continues to rise?
What happens when the liquid in the rising main continues to rise?
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What is the function of the breeching inlet in a dry rising main system?
What is the function of the breeching inlet in a dry rising main system?
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What is the main reason for the valve being shut during a fire according to the provided failure reasons?
What is the main reason for the valve being shut during a fire according to the provided failure reasons?
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Which failure has the highest percentage of total failures in the provided data?
Which failure has the highest percentage of total failures in the provided data?
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Which of these is NOT a reason for the valve being shut off during a fire?
Which of these is NOT a reason for the valve being shut off during a fire?
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What might be a potential cause of a defective wet pipe sprinkler system?
What might be a potential cause of a defective wet pipe sprinkler system?
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Which option correctly describes a preventative measure for valve closure in the wet pipe sprinkler system?
Which option correctly describes a preventative measure for valve closure in the wet pipe sprinkler system?
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Which issue has the lowest frequency of reported failures?
Which issue has the lowest frequency of reported failures?
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Which of the following is a suggested method for improving valve security?
Which of the following is a suggested method for improving valve security?
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What is a common misconception regarding the need for adequate maintenance in fire sprinkler systems?
What is a common misconception regarding the need for adequate maintenance in fire sprinkler systems?
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What is the required high water pressure specification for a wet rising main?
What is the required high water pressure specification for a wet rising main?
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What is the maximum static pressure allowed in any line of hose connected to a landing valve when the water is shut off?
What is the maximum static pressure allowed in any line of hose connected to a landing valve when the water is shut off?
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What is the minimum number of pumps required for a wet rising main system, and their operation capacity?
What is the minimum number of pumps required for a wet rising main system, and their operation capacity?
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How frequently should visual inspections of the wet riser system components occur?
How frequently should visual inspections of the wet riser system components occur?
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What type of pump configuration is necessary if secondary power supply is unavailable?
What type of pump configuration is necessary if secondary power supply is unavailable?
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What visual indication should be present at the breeching inlet of a wet riser system?
What visual indication should be present at the breeching inlet of a wet riser system?
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How often should a complete flow test be conducted for the wet riser system?
How often should a complete flow test be conducted for the wet riser system?
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What element of the wet riser system should resemble a dry riser system in inspection?
What element of the wet riser system should resemble a dry riser system in inspection?
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What is the primary purpose of the standby pump in a wet riser system?
What is the primary purpose of the standby pump in a wet riser system?
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What type of pressure test is performed annually in the wet riser maintenance protocol?
What type of pressure test is performed annually in the wet riser maintenance protocol?
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Study Notes
Chapter 5 Hose Reel Systems
- Hose reel systems are regulated by the Singapore Fire Code and SS 575: Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant, Rising Mains, and Hose Reel Systems (formerly CP 29).
- First aid fire fighting. carried out by occupants who are trained to use hose reels, or fire extinguishers, in early stages.
- The number of hose reels in each building must be sufficient to cover all portions, except Purpose Group I buildings and others (referred to in the Fire Code), with a maximum distance of 36 m from the hose reel. The distance is measured along a suitable route, considering any obstructions.
- Key components of hose reel systems include: PUB water supply, hose reel tank, hose reel pumps, air release valve, hose reel, and pipework.
- Hose reels should be located adjacent to exits, preferably outside protected corridors, lobbies, or staircases, but not inside staircases.
- Important points in planning hose reel locations include: access should not be obstructed by parking, loading/unloading vehicles or other objects, protection from mechanical damage & unauthorized use, and the location of internal walls, partitions, doorways, storage racking, goods, etc. to ensure proper hose coverage throughout the building.
- Hose reels should be installed in recesses to avoid obstructions on escape routes.
- Doors in hose reel recesses should have a hinged opening of approximately 180°.
- Hose reel size and type: The hose should be 20mm or 25mm nominal diameter, not exceeding 30m in length, and have 4mm or 6mm nozzles. Pipework should be at least 50mm nominal bore and 25mm nominal bore to individual hose reels.
- Minimum water supply requirements to the most hydraulically remote hose reel should provide a jet discharge of at least 10m (6m at all times) in length at a flow rate of 0.4 L/s.
- Nozzle diameter and minimum running pressure for 30-m hose tube: 4mm nozzle requires 6 bars pressure; 6mm nozzle requires 2 bars pressure.
- Hosereel pumps: One duty pump (electrically driven) and one standby pump are required. The pumps should come into operation automatically with a drop in pressure or water flow and be capable of being started or stopped manually. The standby pump should operate automatically if the duty pump fails. Emergency power supply should be available.
- Hosereel tank: Minimum capacity of 1100 liters. The tank should be connected to a reliable water supply source i.e., town main, with a minimum diameter of 50mm. Pump sizing is 0.8 liters/s based on 2 hose reels in use simultaneously.
- Hose reel system testing and maintenance: visual inspection of inlet valve, automatic valves, glands, tubing, and shut-off nozzle checking for leaks; outlet nozzle check for blockages. A flow test is performed to ensure discharge of 0.4 L/s and at least 10m (and 6m) water throw.
Chapter 6 Fire Hydrants and Rising Main Systems
- Fire hydrants, wet and dry rising mains are regulated by the Singapore Fire Code and SS 575: Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant, Rising Mains, and Hose Reel Systems (formerly CP 29).
- Fire hydrants are the main source of water for fighting fires. They are connected to water supply mains, and fire service pumpers use water from them to fight fires.
- Water supply to the fire hydrant is controlled by a hydrant valve.
- Every part of a fire engine access road and/or an accessway in a private lot must be within 50m from a hydrant.
- Existing public hydrants along one side of a road cannot be used to serve developments on the opposite side, unless the road has one-way or two-way lane(s).
- Fire hydrants are of the pillar type. They can have two 63.5 mm nominal bore outlets or three outlets.
- The bore of the standpipe must have an area as large as the combined area of the two (or three) outlets.
- A 100 mm yellow band needs to be painted on the pillar stem, 300 mm from the base.
- The outlets should have protective standard caps, made of cast iron or other suitable material, and attached to the standpipe by chains.
- Factors affecting fire hydrant location include proximity of other hydrants, visibility from access roads, distance from high-voltage equipment, clearance from buildings (1 meter), and protection from obstacles (1 meter).
Chapter 7 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
- Automatic fire sprinkler systems are regulated by the Singapore Fire Code and SS CP 52: Code of Practice for Automatic Fire Sprinkler System.
- Functions of an automatic fire sprinkler system include detecting fires, sounding alarms, delivering water to the fire location, preventing spread, and controlling smoke.
- A sprinkler system consists of water pipes and sprinkler heads, with water fed through the network of pipes to the heads spaced at intervals on the ceiling.
- Heat from a fire causes the sprinkler head to rupture, releasing water to the site of the fire due to pressure.
- An alarm gong operates at the same time due to the flow of water from the alarm valve.
- Sprinkler systems are required in buildings over 24m in height (i.e., every storey over), for mixed-occupancy buildings in the non-residential portion that are also 24m high.
- All basement floors (except for Group I and Group II buildings), and basement car parks (for Group II buildings) are required to have a sprinkler system.
- Special rooms, such as high-tension/low-tension switch rooms, transformers, electrical rooms, and battery rooms, can be exempted from sprinkler systems if specific fire compartmentation is in place.
Chapter 8 Fire Detection & Alarm Systems
- Electrical fire alarm systems are regulated by the Singapore Fire Code and SS645: Code of Practice for the Installation and Servicing of Electrical Fire Alarm Systems (formally CP 10).
- Fire alarm systems are needed to notify the fire service when a fire breaks out. This helps to ensure timely response and limit damage to lives and property. Early detection of fires is critical.
- Functions of a fire detection and alarm system: shutting down air-handling equipment, opening sliding doors, recalling passenger lifts, indicating the zone of detector activation, activating smoke evacuation systems, and activating staircase pressurization.
- Key components of the fire alarm system include the panel (control center), manual call points, alarm devices, and various types of fire detectors (heat, smoke, and flame).
- Different types of fire detection and alarm systems include non-addressable systems, addressable systems, and hybrid ones.
- Testing and maintenance of fire alarm systems should include visual inspections, functional testing of panels, field testing of initiating devices. and testing of building service response. Components should be checked and maintained to ensure operational reliability and function in the event of an emergency.
Chapter 9 Smoke Movement in Buildings
- Smoke control in buildings is regulated by the Singapore Fire Code and SS553: Code of Practice for Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings (formerly CP 13).
- Smoke comprises solid or gaseous products of combustion, plus burnt and unburned parts of the fuel and gases (like CO, CO2, HCN, and HCL.).
- Smoke quickly fills compartments, obscures visibility, and impedes escape. It reduces the flow of fresh air and can cause severe toxicity.
- Smoke control systems limit the spread of smoke and keep it away from escape routes.
- Methods of smoke control include pressurization (containment) and venting (removal), using systems like smoke curtains, mechanical fans and other ventilation systems to achieve these goals.
- Smoke control is necessary in buildings that exceed 24m in height, buildings with more than 4 basement storeys where exit staircases connect to fire lobby in basement storeys, and smoke-free and/or fire lobbies.
- Essential factors of natural smoke venting systems include appropriately sized and located vents, with sufficient amounts of fresh air intake and an appropriate height to be available within a given area. Pneumatically, electrically, or Magnetic Supervisory Systems must be implemented for control.
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