Hose Line Deployment Engine Operations Manual PDF

SECTION TOPICS Hose Deployment Overview Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load Reviewing the Basics Estimating the Stretch Hose Line Selection Considerations Expectations for Medium and Large Diameter Handlines Hose Loads Splitting Cars Splitting the Door Extending a Hose Line Garden Stretches SE...

SECTION TOPICS Hose Deployment Overview Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load Reviewing the Basics Estimating the Stretch Hose Line Selection Considerations Expectations for Medium and Large Diameter Handlines Hose Loads Splitting Cars Splitting the Door Extending a Hose Line Garden Stretches SECTION OBJECTIVES Understand firefighter positioning for basic hose advancement Understand how to properly split cars using the Minuteman hose load Define the ADULTS acronym and understand how it can be used Understand the importance and tactical benefits of splitting the door Identify common CFD hose loads and understand the benefits of each Understand the general guidelines to follow when extending hose lines Understand how to for a Minuteman load Understand how to perform a garden stretch Understand how to deploy a Minuteman load using a back stretch, forward stretch, or split stretch Understand how to vertical stretch by dropping the bundle down or doing a hook stretch Know the formula for estimating hose stretches Understand the expectations for medium and large diameter handlines Second Edition 01/31/22 38 OVERVIEW The following section is a brief overview of CFD attack line packages and techniques It is crucial to understand that deployment packages, techniques, and communication will differ around the city. However, a basic understanding of position assignments and fundamentals should be universal throughout the city The basics will be reviewed not only as a refresher for new firefighters, but also to help senior firefighters and officers understand what is being taught at a recruit level The goal is for apprentice firefighters to build on the fundamental knowledge they obtained in the recruit training academy This section is not an all-encompassing manual about hose deployment. Hose loads and deployment techniques are specific to each engine company. All firefighters must be familiar with the hose loads on their engines and how to deploy them CONTENTS Reviewing the Basics Hose Line Selection Considerations Expectations for Medium and Large Diameter Handlines Hose Loads Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load Estimating the Stretch Splitting Cars Splitting the Door Extending a Hose Line Garden Stretch Second Edition 01/31/22 39 OVERVIEW From the beginning of water week in the TA, it is emphasized to the recruits that hose advancement is about teamwork and communication Slow is smooth and smooth is fast hose lines must be advanced as a team to be efficiently stretched to the seat of a fire Moving in as fast as possible and pulling the hose tight on a friction point only makes the stretch harder in the long run. Patience and moving at a good pace are a necessity Once inside the structure, recruits will use the following three phases: o Moving Up used any time the recruits are moving around a pinch point. This signals the next person on the line to bring hose and move up to that pinch point o Fire Room used when the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room. This signals everyone inside the structure that water will soon be applied to the fire o I Need ___ Feet used when more hose is needed. Recruits will request a certain number of feet required to make the stretch instead o . helps members of the hose team determine if they have enough hose pre-loaded in the building, or if they need to go back out and get more While advancing the line, the nozzle firefighter will state these commands out loud; every person on the line will relay the command back to the next person The section below will describe each hose team position A ATTACK Consists of the firefighter positioned on the nozzle Responsible for pulling and flaking out the hose line Brings the first to the door. This creates at hose in line with the target Before entry, the attack firefighter checks the nozzle and attack package for the following: o Reach Click here to view Brass Tacks and Hard Facts o Pressure video on Stream Angles in Interior Attacks o Penetration o Moves in a three-point stance; only utilizes the pistol grip to advance the line. While flowing water, recruits are instructed to keep the nozzle out in front (not holding the pistol grip) to make the hose easier to manipulate with good technique Second Edition 01/31/22 40 B BACKUP Backs up the nozzle firefighter This firefighter is responsible for forcing the front door if needed, as well as the following actions: o Sweep the immediate egress area around the door o Check for Life Are there any victims around the door? SWEEP THE FLOOR! Fire Can I see where the fire is, or at least the general direction? Layout What is the building layout? Where are the stairs? Can any of the nearby rooms be identified? Living room, kitchen, bathroom, etc.? Relay these findings to the nozzle firefighter prior to entry into structure Assist with hose advancement by minding pinch points and pre-loading hose where appropriate o Recruits are taught not to stack hose in the building; they keep pre-loading on the floor o Only preload what the building gives you; do not force it! Too much hose can be a negative; it can lead to kinks Second Edition 01/31/22 41 C CONTROL This firefighter is positioned behind the backup and the nozzle firefighter Responsible for managing the line from the backup firefighter to the door o Can assist with fixing kinks outside the structure prior to entry Assists with hose advancement by minding pinch points and pre-loading hose where appropriate o Recruits are taught not to stack hose in the building; they keep pre-loading on the floor o Only preload what the building gives you; do not force it! D DOOR This firefighter is positioned behind the control, backup, and nozzle firefighters Responsible for managing the line outside the structure up to the front door o Removes any kinks outside the structure o Responsible for helping split the door and keeping a neat entryway Assists with hose advancement by minding any pinch points developed at the entry point Second Edition 01/31/22 42 OVERVIEW A common phase echoed across training grounds around the country Even before deploying a hose line, the most important step an engine company can make is deciding which hose line to use Selecting the appropriate attack line/defensive stream for the amount of fire on hand is critical to the successful outcome of any operation A few different examples and rules of thumb for selecting the appropriate attack package on the fire ground are shown below INITIAL LINE SELECTION WHAT IS ON FIRE? Anything from a single room and contents fire up to three rooms of fire More than three rooms of fire One floor or more of fire Commercial structure Defensive operations consider master streams EXPONENTIAL ENGINE THEORY BRIAN BRUSH Ensure there is enough water to safely extinguish the number of BTUs burning, no matter what the scenario is Uses the idea that every line on our engines should not be set up to fight the same fire There must be different weapons to choose from for different fights Uses the rule of thumb that increasing to the next larger line/nozzle size should approximately double the GPM available, as shown in the chart below Line Selection Deck Gun Nozzle/Tip Size 160/50 or 1 SB at 50 PSI at 80 PSI GPM 160 GPM 296 GPM 600 GPM GPS (Gallons Per Second) 2.6 GPS 4.9 GPS 10 GPS WHEN TO PULL A 2 HANDLINE ANDY FREDERICKS The following ADULTS acronym can be used to outline situations when a 2 hand line should be used This acronym was created by a FDNY firefighter studying for the promotional examination o Advanced fire on arrival o Defensive operations o Unable to determine the extent/size of the fire area involved o Large, non-compartmentalized areas o Tons of water o Standpipe system operations Second Edition 01/31/22 43 This article will discuss the line when fighting fires in problem occupancies. Some of the different ways these two lines are carried on many Columbus engine companies will be discussed. There are some significant differences between these two lines; these differences can help or hurt firefighters depending on what the building presents to them. First, it is important to define the occupancies that are being referred to in this article. The term commercial occupancy has a tendency to be used to encompass everything from a large un-compartmentalized space like a Lowes or auto body shop to a multi-level office building. A multi-story residential building, such as a common hall apartment building, is also a problem occupancy that will be discussed. These buildings offer very different hazards and have the potential to require a very different application rate to quickly contain the fire. For the purposes of this article, a commercial space or occupancy is defined as a large, uncompartmentalized space, typically with a does not include a multi-story office building or common hall apartment building, both of which offer multiple compartmentalized occupancies under one roof. The photo above shows a true commercial occupancy. The building is composed of fire resistive materials. It consists of large uncompartmentalized space that spans a full city block. These photos show a three-story wood frame multi-family common hall apartment building. Although this building is a problem occupancy in regards to the hazards it presents, it is not a commercial structure and should not be treated as such. Second Edition 01/31/22 44 The handline could consist of any of the following: o 210 GPM at 50 PSI at the nozzle 1 o Smooth bore with 1 /16 240 GPM at 50 PSI at the nozzle o 250/50 combination nozzle 250 GPM at 50 PSI at the nozzle only 50 G in our preconnected handline sizes gives enough of a return on investment to justify pulling the bigger size line. A bigger picture of an ideal target flow spec would illustrate that with an increase in line size, the application rate would increase exponentially. If the fire is large enough that a 1 just meet the demand. After all occupancies. It is necessary to achieve this flow because of the very nature of the fire, both actual and potential. Firefighters are not afforded the protection of a compartmentalized space; studies and experience show that our smaller flows can easily be outpaced in these situations. However, there are disadvantages to trying to achieve target flows that exceed what is optimal for any specific handline. The nozzle firefighter needs to be aware that when approaching flows add to an increasingly uncontrollable nozzle that will und can cause a situation in which the hose team cannot effectively fight the fire because they are occupied fighting the nozzle. The ultimate goal is not only to deliver the maximum amount of water, but also to maintain the ability to have an open nozzle and the control to place the water where it needs to go. A way that engine companies can use this particular tip to their advantage is by utilizing this attack package as a longer line option for a more difficult stretch in a structure that is compartmentalized. Multi-level office buildings or three-story common hallway structures with longer stretches and multiple corners that must be navigated prior to making the point of service are perfect The increased stretches by decreasing friction loss; this allows these lines to operate farther away from the apparatus at an appreciable and widens our operational envelope considerably. Second Edition 01/31/22 45 8 GPM. For this reason, the nozzles used with this handline could consist of the following: o Smooth bore with 1 1/8 266 GPM at 50 psi at the nozzle 3 o Smooth bore with 1 /16 296 GPM at 50 psi at the nozzle o 328 GPM at 50 psi at the nozzle Typically, engine companies with the 1 1/8 3/ the stacked tips with the 1 1/8 16 can take advantage of the 2 hose -60 psi to achieve a wide range of flow and reaction forces that are relatively close to what the Indy Stack offers (See in this manual for more information on the 1 3/16 However, flows of more than 300 GPM in an attack situation are not recommended unless in a fixed position, such as when using a quick attack, RAM XD monitor, or even a Keenan loop. Our ability to use the operational range of the smoothbore is due to the inherent characteristics of utilize the lower end of the operational range . LAYOUT und loaded on the cross lay bed. The hose is red and consists of a preconnected 200 foot load. 200 or 300 feet; it will be white with red racing stripes. The line will either be preconnected to the rear discharge, or it may not be preconnected with the female coupling lying in the bed on chosen to connect a 100 foot section with a MQA or RAM to the rear discharge (Refer to the Equipment section of this manual for information on the MQA and the RAM). Second Edition 01/31/22 46 These are some of the more common ways these two lines are carried. However, there are some companies that choose to change their loads depending on the needs within their district. the rear of the hose bed. It is up to each firefighter to learn what is carried on their specific engine. The side-by-side photos above show different rear bed configurations. On the left, E15 shows a slightly more traditional CFD layout an Indy Stack on the nozzle. The then preconnected to the MQA and loaded on in the cross lay. On the above right, new E17 to a gated wye on the right rear discharge. is located in the cross lay. Their RAM is then located in a readily deployable layout in the rear compartment. It is important that some thought is given to how these attack packages are loaded. A CFD engine is equipped with a generous amount of hose, but that is only half the solution. All firefighters need to ensure that the attack packages are loaded in such a way that they can be deployed both effectively and efficiently under realistic conditions. For a CFD engine, this means being able to deploy effectively while staffed at 1 and 2. If our options are not realistically laid out on our engines, they truly fail to be realistic options in the time-compressed, task-saturated environment of the initial moments of an incident due to their perceived reflex time. Firefighters should evaluate their first due, determine a stretch potential, and aim to lay out their engines to best achieve these goals. Enough consideration Second Edition 01/31/22 47 cannot be given to the fact that the longer stretch often means navigating multiple corners prior to reaching the point of service (POS). The multi-floor office building or common hall apartment building are perfect examples. A fire on an upper floor of either of these two buildings would require multiple corners and even stairs to be navigated prior to getting to the fire floor. Fire doors have proven reliable for keeping smoke and fire isolated to that segment of the building, further extending our POS into the building. It is important to take advantage when the building allows for the POS to be closer to the fire occupancy. DEPLOYMENT Recently, the Division has seen more fires within open warehouse commercial buildings. Some of these fires were caused by common combustibles catching fire and spreading to other areas of the structure. Others were due to explosions that rapidly grew in size and spread to the roof of the structure. It will be up to you and ultimately the officer on the engine to decide what line will help your company be successful. Recon for these types of fires is critical. On these very large buildings, figuring out where to enter the building to best get to the fire is as important as what line will be pulled. Doing good recon will also set you up to have a better stretch and get to the fire quicker. Regardless of the size line selected for fire attack, firefighters must not get complacent and disregard all the markers of a good deployment. Having the nozzle and a coupling at the point of service is the gold standard for any deployment, but it becomes increasingly important as the size of the attack line increases. Another useful technique, especially when using larger diameter hose, is to deploy the working length in an portion of that advance. Also, when possible, firefighters need to attempt to deploy inline with respect to the advance. Firefighters should ensure that handlines are loaded in such a way that they can be deployed in relatively short order, taking advantage of these methods. This photo shows an example of the discussed abov is elevated off the ground by resting on the remaining section of hose. This will help with advancement by reducing the amount of friction between the hose and the ground. Second Edition 01/31/22 48