ICTM111 Lesson 1-5 PDF

ICTM111 Lesson 1 - Lesson 5 Ma. Sabrina Angela M. Ramos Lesson 1 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION is a place where learners of different ages gain education that includes daycare, pre-schools, grade schools, intermediate, secondary and even senior high schools, as well as colleges a...

ICTM111 Lesson 1 - Lesson 5 Ma. Sabrina Angela M. Ramos Lesson 1 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION is a place where learners of different ages gain education that includes daycare, pre-schools, grade schools, intermediate, secondary and even senior high schools, as well as colleges and universities. FORMAL INSTITUTION Deals with the conventional classroom whereby a structured method of learning is administered by a governing body in which a school or other institutions are the usual places for learning. Faculty and instructors follow the curriculums set by technical committee appointed by the government. FORMAL INSTITUTION Deals with the conventional classroom whereby a structured method of learning is administered by a governing body in which a school or other institutions are the usual places for learning. Faculty and instructors follow the curriculums set by technical committee appointed by the government. INFORMAL INSTITUTION Is anything learned more independently outside of the conventional classroom. It is NOT restricted to any certain location and usually integrates itself with the surroundings such as home, cultural setting, and even in basic education or high school institutions in public schools 1 VISION STATEMENT is the end desire aspiration of an academic institution. one-sentence statement describing the distinct and motivating long-term desired transformation resulting from institutional program VISION should be clear, memorable and concise with an average length of 14 words, the shortest contains only three words while the longest may contain up to 26 words. MISSION STATEMENT is a one-sentence relating the intention of your institution existence. This answer the question "What you do or Who you do this for". Mission must be clear by using simple language, Concise, no fluff aims, Valuable, that is inform, focus and guided. VALUES STATEMENT A value statement is a list of fundamental doctrines that guide and direct the educational institution and its belief. This create the moral direction of the institution and its academic community that guides decision making and create a yardstick against any action. The core value are the standard structure that is shared and acted upon the academic community. OBJECTIVES Short term goal which successful learners will achieve within the scope ofthe course. It is often worded that explains to learners what they should try to achieve as they learn that carefully match the SMART CRITERIA. 2 Lesson 2 Alma Ata Declaration o Health is a human right – HEALTH FOR ALL o Primary Health Care o The responsibility mainly of the government o Not the responsibility of the health sector alone o That any form of health inequity is not acceptable o Community participation is a MUST 3 system is an arrangement of parts and their interconnections come together for a purpose. Health system is consisting of many parts such as the community, department or ministries of health, health care providers, health service organizations, pharmaceuticals companies, health financing bodies and other organizations related to health. “The combination of resources, organization, financing and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM In World Health Organization Report in 2000, health system was defined as "all the organizations, institutions and resources that are devoted to producing health actions.” health action "any effort, whether in personal health care, public health services or through intersectoral initiatives, whose primary purpose is to improve health.” THREE GOALS OF HEALTH SYSTEM Improving the health of populations Improving the responsiveness of the health system to the population it serves Fairness in financial contribution FOUR VITAL HEALTH SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 1. HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION Public and private health service provision is the most visible product of the health care system. 4  All these roles and activities mean that the system has to perform a wide range of activities. "Delivering health services is thus an essential part of what the system does, but it is not what the system is" (WHO 2000). 2. HEALTH SERVICE INPUTS Health service inputs or managing resources is the assembling of essential resources for delivering health services. These include human resources, medications, and medical equipment. 3. STEWARDSHIP overall system oversight sets the context and policy framework for the overall health system. 4. HEALTH FINANCING collecting revenues, pooling financial risk, and allocating revenue. Revenue collection - this entails collection of money to pay for health care services HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM Consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health FIVE SHORTCOMINGS IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 1. INVERSE CARE People with most means, whose needs are less often consume care the most. Those with the least means, with the greatest problems consume care the least 2. IMPOVERISHING CARE Wherever people lack social protection and payment for care is largely out-of-the-pocket at the point of service. They can be confronted with catastrophic expenses 3. FRAGMENTED AND FRAGMENTING CARE Excessive specialization Narrow focus on disease control Health care for the poor and marginalized: 5 ▪ Highly fragmented care ▪ Severely under resources Development of AID often aids in fragmentation 4. UNSAFE CARE Poor systems design is unable to ensure safety and hygiene standards leads to high rates of hospital acquired infections, medication errors and other avoidable adverse errors. 5. MISDIRECTED CARES Resources allocation cluster around curative services at great cost, neglecting the potential of primary prevention and health promotion. WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK SERVICE DELIVERY Those which deliver effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions to those who need them, when and where needed, with minimum waste of resources. HEALTH WORKFORCE One which works in ways that are responsive, fair and efficient to achieve the best health outcomes possible, given available resources and circumstances. INFORMATION One that ensures the production, analysis, dissemination and use if reliable and timely information on health determinants, health systems performance and health status. MEDICAL PRODUCT, VACCINES, AND TECHNOLOGIES 6  Ensures equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness, and their scientifically sound and cost-effective use. FINANCING Raises adequate funds for health, in ways that ensure people can use needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them. LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE Involves ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective stewardship, coalition-building, the provision of appropriate regulations and incentives, attention to system-design, and accountability LESSON 3 Declaration of Alma-Ata states that primary health care is essential health care Primary health care (PHC) is essential to health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through full participation and at a cost of the community and country can afford. MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Planning Managers are usually required to set a direction and determine what needs to be accomplished. It means setting priorities and determining performance targets. Organizing 7  This refers to the management function on designing the organization or the specific division, unit, or service for which the manager is responsible. Staffing This function refers to acquiring and retaining human resources. It also refers to developing and maintaining the workforce through various strategies and tactics. Controlling This function refers to monitoring staff activities and performance and taking the appropriate actions for corrective action to increase performance. Directing Its focus in to initiate action in the organization through effective leadership and motivation of, and communication with, subordinates. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN RELATION TO ORGANIZING Accountability means that those with authority and responsibility must report and justify task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command. Responsibility means an employee's duty to perform assigned task or activities. Authority is a manager's formal and legitimate right to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes. TYPES OF AUTHORITY Line authority - managers have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates 8 Functional authority - is where managers have formal power over a specific subset of activities. Staff authority - is granted to staff specialists in their areas of expertise. It is not a real authority in the sense that a staff manager does not order or instruct but simply advises, recommends, and counsels in the staff specialists' area of expertise. TYPES OF RESPONSIBILITY Centralization - The location of decision making authority near top organizational levels. Decentralization - The location of decision making authority near lower organizational levels. Formalization - The written documentation used to direct and control employees LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES This includes rural health units, their sub-centers, chest clinics, malaria eradication units, and schistosomiasis control units operated by the DOH; tuberculosis clinics; private clinics, clinics operated by the Philippine Medical Association; community hospitals and health centers operated by the Philippine Medicare Care Commission and other health facilities operated by voluntary religious and civic groups SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES These are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals including emergency and regional hospitals in which services to patients with symptomatic stages of disease, which require moderately specialized knowledge and technical resources for adequate treatment are offered. TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES These are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals. 9 THREE LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS VILLAGE OR GRASSROOT HEALTH WORKERS First contacts of the community and initial links of health care. Provide simple curative and preventive health care measures promoting healthy environment. Participate in activities geared towards the improvement of the socio-economic level of the community like food production program. Community health worker, volunteers or traditional birth attendants. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL HEALTH WORKERS Represent the first source of professional health care Attends to health problems beyond the competence of village workers Provide support to front-line health workers in terms of supervision, training, supplies, and services. Medical practitioners, nurses and midwives. FIRST LINE HOSPITAL PERSONNEL Provide backup health services for cases that require hospitalization Establish close contact with intermediate level health workers or village health workers. Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professionals Lesson 4 Health Information Technology (HIT) as “the area of IT Involving the design, development, creation, use, and maintenance of information systems for the healthcare industry. Electronic Health Record (EHR) is the central component of the health IT infrastructure. personal health record (PHR) 10  which is a person's self-maintained health record health information exchange (HIE) a health data clearinghouse or a group of healthcare organizations that enter into an interoperability pact and agree to share data between their various health IT systems. Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and vendor neutral archives (VNAs) are two widely used types of health IT health interoperability ecosystem a composition individuals, systems and processes that want to share, exchange, and access all forms of health information, including discrete, narrative and multimedia. Cloud computing– is a method for delivering IT services in which resources are retrieved from the Internet through web-based tools and applications. CHITS is an electronic medical record (EMR) developed through the collaboration of the Information and Communication Technology community and health workers, primarily designed for use in Philippine health centers in disadvantaged areas. Lesson 5 Health informatics is the application of both technology and systems in a healthcare setting Health Management Systems cover the records, coding, documentation, and administration of patient and ancillary services. Health information systems 11  refer to any system that captures, stores, manages or transmits information related to the health of individuals or the activities of organizations that work within the health sector. 1. Files Are Easier to Access Health information systems have revolutionized the way that doctors and health care professionals maintain patient information. These systems are electronic, so the days of hard files and loose papers are over. 2. More Controls Staff must be authorized to access the health information system. Doctors may have permission to update, change and delete information from the electronic medical record. The receptionist, however, may only have the authority to update a patient’s appointments. 3. Easy to Update Health information systems let doctors create electronic medical records for their patients. Patient information can be pulled up for review at any time and copies can be made for the patient upon request. 4. Communication Health information systems abet communication between multiple doctors or hospitals. According to Government Health IT, medical professionals must pay close attention to confidentiality issues, such as patient privacy and security safeguards to ensure unauthorized users cannot access the information. COMPONENTS OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS INPUTS Health Information Systems Resources 12  These include the legislative, regulatory and planning frameworks required for a fully functioning health information system, and the resources that are required for such a system to be functional. PROCESSES Indicators core set of indicators and related targets is the basis for a health information system plan and strategy. Data Sources ○ These can be divided into two main categories; (1) population-based approaches (censuses, civil registration and population surveys) and (2) institution-based data (individual records, service records and resource records). Data Management ○ This covers all aspects of data handling from collection, storage, quality-assurance and flow, to processing, compilation and analysis OUTPUTS Information Products ○ Data must be transformed into information that will become the basis for evidence and knowledge to shape health action. Dissemination and Use ○ The value of health information is enhanced by making it readily accessible to decision-makers and by providing incentives for, or otherwise facilitating, information use DIFFERENT DATA SOURCES FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM Demographic data consist of facts such as age (or birth date), gender, race and ethnic origin, marital status, address of residence, names of and other information about 13  immediate family members, and emergency information. Information about employment status (and employer), schooling and education. Administrative data involves facts, with respect to services provided (e.g.,diagnostic tests or outpatient procedures), and also typically include charges and amounts paid, the kind of practitioner (physician, podiatrist, psychologist), physician specialty, and nature of institution (general or specialty hospital, physician office or clinic, home care agency, nursing home, and so forth) Health risk information reveals lifestyle and behavior (e.g., whether an individual uses tobacco products or engages regularly in strenuous exercise) and facts about family history and genetic factors to evaluate propensity for different diseases. Health status (or health-related quality of life) is generally reported by individuals themselves, reflects domains of health such as physical functioning, mental and emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, social and role functioning, and perceptions of one's health in the past, present, and future and compared with that of one's peers. Patient medical history considers data on previous medical encounters such as hospital admissions, surgical procedures, pregnancies and live births, and the like; it also includes information on past medical problems and possibly family history or events (e.g., alcoholism or parental divorce) Outcomes data comprise a wide array of measures of the effects of healthcare and the aftermath of various health problems; they might reflect health care events such as re-admission to hospital or unexpected complications or side effects of care, and also include measures of satisfaction with care. Outcomes assessed weeks or 14  months after health care events, and by means of reports directly from individuals (or family members), are desirable, although these are likely to be the least commonly available 15