MLS 1103: Health Information System for Medical Laboratory Science: Lesson 1 (PDF)

MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 1: THE VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTITUTION 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Educational Institution...

MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 1: THE VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTITUTION 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Educational Institution  Home → A place where learners of different ages  Cultural setting gain an education  Basic education or high school → Carries out educational activities based institutions in public schools on the age grade system Includes: VISION AND MISSION STATEMENTS  Daycare Vision Statement  Pre-schools → End desire aspiration of an academic  Grade schools institution.  Intermediate → Describes the distinct and motivating  Secondary long term desired transformation  Senior high schools resulting from institutional program.  Colleges and universities Characteristics: Not all types of educational institutions are structured  Usually a one sentence statement and formalized.  Clear Established institutions follow well-defined curriculum,  Memorable some learning environments are spontaneous and  Concise (average length of 14 have no fixed timetables words) Shortest contains only three words TWO TYPES OF INSTITUTION Equality for Everyone (Human Right Formal Institution Campaign) → Deals with the “conventional classroom” Longest may contain up to 26 words → School or other institutions are the usual A World in which every person enjoys all of places for learning the human rights enshrines in the Universal Declaration → earns certificates or credentials of Human Rights and other international human rights → Takes place in a stipulated period in instruments (Amnesty International) which learners complete each level by Vision of CPU acquiring the required competencies in A University committed to Exemplary Christian Education preparation for higher learning. for Life (EXCEL) and responsive to the needs of the total Recognized by government in terms of: person and the world.  curricular offering Mission Statement  books and materials used for learning → Relates to the intention of the Faculty and instructors follow the curriculum’s set institution’s existence by technical committee appointed by the → Answers the question "What you do or government Who you do this for". Informal Institution Characteristics: → Learned outside of the conventional  One sentence classroom  Clear by using simple language → Is not restricted to any certain location  Concise (5 to 14 words, maximum → Certificate of participation or of 20) completions maybe issued  Valuable → Involves the students’ behavior skills  Guided through interaction and exploration on a Mission of CPU daily basis as well as the teachers’ traits The mission of CPU is to carry out a program of spiritual, that vary based on their expertise, skills, intellectual, moral, scientific, technological, and cultural and experience. training, and allied studies under influences which → Integrates itself with surroundings strengthen Christian faith, build up character and promote scholarship, research and community service. Example: STATEMENT Vision Statement Mission Statement FUNCTION It inspires to give the best and shapes Define the key measure of the institution your understanding of why you are in success. the institution. DEVELOPING STATEMENT When do we want to reach success? What do we do today? Where do we want to go forward? For whom do we do it? How do we want to do it? Why we do what we do? TIME Talks about future Talks about present leading to the future QUESTION Where do we aim to be? What makes us different? 1  ABOUT Where you want to be? How you will get where you want to be? Values Statement → Shape the standard structure that is → Core values shared and acted upon by the academic → Is a list of fundamental doctrines that community guide and direct the educational institution. Considers the following questions: → Sets the moral direction of the institution  What values are distinctive to our and its academic community that guides educational institution? decision-making and provides a yardstick  What value should be the direction against any action of the management of the institution Educational Objectives → Goals; are short statements that learners should achieve within or at the end of the course → SMART; Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time bound CORE VALUES OF CPU Faith The act of believing the things God has revealed about himself and acting on those beliefs. This includes commitment, cooperation, trust and confidence. Character The aggregate features and traits that form the individual's nature of a person, moral quality, and good report. This includes honesty, integrity, humility and loyalty. Justice Righteousness or lawfulness and fairness. It is observing due process in administering the deserved punishment or reward. This includes fairness, equality, morality, and peace. Stewardship The proper and responsible management of life, position, possessions, and other resources entrusted by God to man. This includes service, accountability, culture, and outreach. Excellence The highly commendable quality or feature of a person's worth and/or deeds. This includes competence, technology, scholarship and research. 2  MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 2: HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Health System  Identifying health priorities for → "the combination of resources, allocation of public resources; organization, financing and management  Identifying an institutional framework; that culminate in the delivery of health  Coordinating activities with other services to the population" (Roemer,1991) systems related to external health → "all the organizations, institutions and care; resources that are devoted to producing  Analyzing health priorities and health actions" (WHO Report, 2000) resource generation trends and their → A well-performing health system provides implications; and direct health-improving activities whether  Generating appropriate data for in personal health care, public health effective decision-making and services, or intersectoral initiatives, to policymaking on health matters achieve high health equity Health financing Consist of many parts: → overall system oversight; usually a  Community governmental responsibility  Department or ministries of health A. Revenue Collection  Health care providers → Revenue is earned from payments for  Health service organizations health care services.  Pharmaceuticals companies → Each source of health financing is  Health financing bodies associated with a specific manner of  Other organizations related to the organizing and pooling of funds and health sector purchasing services. Mechanisms: MAIN GOALS FOR HEALTH SYSTEMS  Taxation 1. Improving the health of populations  Donor → Overarching goal of a health system  Financing → attaining the best average level of health  mandatory payroll contributions care for the entire population and attaining  mandatory or voluntary risk-rated the smallest feasible differences in health contributions status among individuals and groups  direct household out of pocket 2. Improving the responsiveness of the health system to expenditures the population it serves  other forms of personal savings → meeting the people's expectations of how B. Risk Pooling they should be treated by health workforce → Refers to the collection and management and the degree by which people are of financial resources in a way that satisfied with the health system spreads financial risks from an individual 3. Fairness in financial contribution to all pool members (WHO 2000) → distributing the risk that each individual → Core function of health insurance faces to cost the health care according to mechanisms the ability to pay rather than the risk of → Ensure financial protection illness Two Main Models: Bismark model VITAL HEALTH SYSTEM FUNCTIONS → Bismarck's Law on Health Insurance of Health service provision 1883 → most visible product of the health care → Named after the Prussian Chancellor, Otto system von Bismarck, known for inventing the → Any service, not limited to clinical services, welfare state in the 19th century as part of aimed at improving the health of the unification of Germany populations. → Insurance system usually financed jointly Health service inputs by employers and employees through → managing resources (human resources, payroll deduction medications, and medical equipment) → Considered as multi-payer model with tight Stewardship regulation giving the government the cost- → overall system oversight; usually a control clout governmental responsibility Beveridge model → This function sets the direction, context, → From the report on Social Insurance and and policy framework for the overall health Allied Services of 1942 system → Named after William Beveridge, the social The core of the stewardship function includes: reformer responsible for designing 3  Britain’s Social security System and the the best health outcomes possible, given National Health Service available resources and circumstances. → Health care is provided and financed by For example, there are sufficient numbers the government through tax payments and mix of staff, fairly distributed; they are C. Strategic purchasing competent, responsive and productive. → Risk-pooling organizations use collected 3. Information funds and pooled financial resources to → one that ensures the production, analysis, finance health care services for the dissemination and use if reliable and members. timely information on health determinants, WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK health systems performance and health status 4. Medical Products, Vaccines and Technologies → ensures equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness, and their scientifically sound and cost effective use. 5. Financing → raises adequate funds for health, in ways that ensure people can use needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated 1. Service delivery with having to pay for them. → those which deliver effective, safe, quality 6. Leadership and Governance personal and non personal health → involves ensuring strategic policy interventions to those who need them, frameworks exist and are combined with when and where needed, with minimum effective stewardship, coalition building, waste of resources. the provision of appropriate regulations 2. Health Workforce and incentives, attention to system design, → one which works in ways that are and accountability. responsive, fair and efficient to achieve THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  The health reform initiatives carried out over the years are the health service delivery, health regulation and health financing. These health reforms targeted to address issues such as poor accessibility, inequity and inefficiency of the Philippine health system 1979  promoted participatory management of the local Adoption of Primary Health Care Strategy (LOI 949) health care system. 1982  integrated the components of health care delivery Reorganization of DOH (EO 851) into its fields operations. 1988  ushered the writing of prescriptions using the The Generics Act (RA 6675) generic name of the drug 1991  transferred the responsibility of providing health Local Government Code (RA 7160) service to local government units. 1995  instituted a national health insurance mechanism for National Health Insurance Act (RA 7875) financial protection with priority given to the poor 1999  ordered the major organizational restructuring of Health Sector Reform Agenda the DOH to improve the way healthcare is delivered, regulated and financed. 2005  adopted an operational framework to undertake FOURmula One (F1) for Health reforms with speed, precision, and effective coordination and to improve the Philippine health system. 2008  promoted and ensured access to affordable quality Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines drugs and medicines for all. Act(RA 9502) 2010:  provided universal health coverage and access to Kalusugang Pangkalahatan or Universal Health Care quality health care for all Filipinos (AO2010 – 0036) 4  National health programs are coordinated by the DOH Local Government Units (LGUs) through the LGUs. → Granted autonomy and responsibility for Department of Health (DOH) their own health services, Under the Local → DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH San Lazaro Government Code (1991). Compound, Tayuman , Sta. Cruz, Manila → National health programs are coordinated Philippines by the DOH through the LGUs → The Department of Health (DOH) is the → LGUs are guaranteed local autonomy lead agency for Philippine healthcare. under the 1987 Constitution and theLGC → Mandated to provide national policy of 1991 direction and develop national plans, → Administratively grouped into 17 regions technical standards and guidelines of  Philippines is divided into (NSCB, 2010): health. a. 78 provinces headed by governors → Provides technical assistance, capacity b. 138 cities and 1496 municipalities headed building and advisory services for disease by mayors prevention and control and supplies c. 42 025 barangays or villages headed by medicines and vaccines barangay chairpersons According to its mandate (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3),  Within this decentralized setting, the LGUs continue to the DOH is responsible for the: receive guidance from the DOH through its 1. formulation and development of national network of DOH representatives under the policies, guidelines,standards, and manual supervision of the regional health offices. of operations for health services and  Provincial governments provide hospital care programs; through provincial and district hospitals and to LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE coordinate health service delivery provided by 2. issuance of rules and regulations, licenses, and cities and municipalities of the provinces accreditations;  City and municipal governments provide primary 3. Promulgation of national health standards, care through public health and primary health goals, priorities, and indicators; and care centers linked to peripheral barangay health 4. Development of special health programs centers (BHCs) or health outposts and projects, and advocacy for legislation on Decentralized and Centralized health policies and programs  Under the decentralized or devolved structure, DOH is duty-bound to: the state is represented by national offices and the 1. Develop policies and programs for the health LGUs, with provincial, city,municipal, and barangay or sector, village offices. 2. Provide technical assistance to its partners,  The DOH, LGUs and the private sector participate, 3. Encourage performance of the partners in the cooperate andcollaborate in the care of the priority health programs, population. Before devolution, the national health 4. Develop and enforce policies and standards system consisted of a three-tiered system under the 5. Design programs for large segments of the direct control of the DOH: population, and tertiary hospitals at the national and regional 6. Provide specialized and tertiary level care. levels; provincial and district hospitals and city and municipal health centers; and barangay (village) health centers  Since enactment of the 1991 LGC, the government health system now consists of basic health services “including health promotion and preventive units “provided by cities and municipalities, province- run provincial and district hospitals of varying capacities,and mostly tertiary medical centers, specialty hospitals, and a number of re- nationalized provincial hospitals managed by the DOH DIRECTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH SECTOR The Philippine Health Agenda  "All for Health Towards Health For All" rally point for its vision of a (DOH Administrative Order 2016 0038) Health Philippines by 2020. It expanded the scope of the Universal Health Care (UHC) directions, particularly through a whole of government approach. It has 3 key health system guarantees. These are: a. Population and individual level interventions for all life 5  stages that promote health and wellness, prevent and treat the triple burden of disease, delay complications, rehabilitation and provide palliation. b. Access to health interventions through functional Service Delivery Networks (SDNs). c. Financial risk protection when accessing these interventions through Universal Health Insurance The Philippine Developmental Plan 2017 2022  This is the four key medium term plans to translate the vision of aspirations for the Filipinos and the country NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040  This is a collective long term plan which envisions a better life for the Filipinos and the country in the next 25 years Sustainable Developmental Goals 2030  This is a compilation of 17 developmental goals that targets to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and confront issues involving climate change and its effects 6  MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 3: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Alma Ata Declaration community based care that meets the → A declaration made in September 1978 at health needs of individuals throughout the Conference on Primary Health Care in their life. Almaty (formerly Alma Ata), USSR → At its heart, primary health care is about → Health is a fundamental human right caring for people, rather than simply as cited in the Alma-Ata Declaration treating specific diseases or conditions. of 1978 (WHO) → It was the first international declaration → It is an approach to health beyond the underlining the importance of primary traditional health care system that focuses health care. on health equity-producing social policy → The Declaration of Alma Ata begins by  The Declaration of Alma-Ata states that primary health stating that health, "which is a state of care is --essential health care based on scientifically complete physical, mental and social sound and socially acceptable methods,universally wellbeing , and not merely the absence of accessible to individuals and families with their full disease or infirmity, is a fundamental participation at a cost that the community and country human right can afford in a spirit of self-reliance and self- → and that the attainment of the highest determination. (WHO-WPRO, 2018) possible level of health is a most important  Ultimate goal of primary health care is better health for world wide social goal” whose realization all requires the action of many other social 5 key elements to achieve goal: and economic sectors in addition to the 1. universal coverage to reduce exclusion and health sector social disparities in health; 2. service delivery organized around people's needs and expectations; 3. public policy that integrates health into all sectors; 4. leadership that enhances collaborative models of policy dialogue; and 5. Increased stakeholder participation. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PHC Health care system 1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the → Refers to an organized plan of health methods of identifying, preventing and controlling them. services (Miller Keane, 1987) 2. Locally endemic disease prevention and control. Health care delivery 3. Expanded program of immunization against major → It is the rendering of health care services infectious diseases. to the people (Williams Tungpalan ,1981). 4. Maternal and child health care including family planning. Health care delivery system 5. Essential drugs arrangement. → This refers to the network of health 6. Nutritional food supplement, an adequate supply of safe facilities and personnel which carries out and basic nutrition. the task of rendering health care to the 7. Treatment of communicable and non communicable people. (Williams Tungpalan, 1981) disease and promotion of mental health.  Philippine health care system, It is a complex set of 8. Safe water and sanitation. organizations interacting to provide an array of health Other Elements of PHC services (Dizon, 1977) 1. Expended options of immunizations. 2. Reproductive health needs. 3. Provision of essential technologies for health. 4. Health promotion. 5. Prevention and control of non communicable diseases. 6. Food safety and provision of selected food supplements.  A health system based on primary health care will: 1. build on the Alma Ata principles of equity, universal access, community participation, and PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC) intersectoral approaches; → deals with social policy targets health 2. take account of broader population health equity with the ultimate goal of better issues, reflecting and reinforcing public health health for all. functions; → PHC is usually the first point of contact 3. create the conditions for effective provision of people have with the health care system. services to poor and excluded groups; It provides comprehensive, accessible, 7  4. organize integrated and seamless care, linking in the planning, implementation and prevention, acute care and chronic care across all maintenance of health services. components of the health system; → Maximum reliance on local resources like 5. continuously evaluate and strive to improve manpower, money and materials performance Intersectoral coordination PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE → Components of primary health care  Behind these elements lies a series of basic objectives cannot be provided by the health that should be formulated in national policies in order sector alone. to launch and sustain primary health-care (PHC) as → There must be coordination between part of a comprehensive health system and the health sectors and all related coordination with other sectors. sectors and aspects of national and Basic objectives to launch and sustain PHC: community development 1. Improve the level of health care of the Appropriate technology community → Appropriate means; scientifically sound, 2. Promote favorable population growth adaptable to local needs,acceptable to structure those who apply and those for 3. Reduce the morbidity and mortality whom it is used,maintained by the rates especially among infants and children people themselves 4. Reduce prevalence of preventable, MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE communicable, and other diseases Planning 5. Improve basic sanitation → Managers are usually required to 6. Extend essential health services specially to set a direction and determine what under served sectors needs to be accomplished. It means 7. Develop the capability of the community to setting priorities and determining become self-reliant. performance targets 8. Encourage the contribution of other Organizing sectors to the social and economic → This refers to the management development of the community function on designing the organization 9. Provide equitable distribution of health care or the specific division, unit, or service for 10. Ensure community participation and which the manager is responsible. monitor adequacy and distribution of health → Further, it means designating reporting workers who are supported locally and at relationships and intentional patterns of thereferral levels interaction. Determining positions, 11. Recognize that the formal health sector teamwork assignments, and distribution of needs other sectors in the promotion of health authority and responsibility (multi-sectoral approach) Staffing 12. Use the appropriate technology which are → This function refers to acquiring and accessible, feasible,affordable, and culturally retaining human resources. It also refers acceptable to the community to developing and maintaining the Equitable Distribution workforce through various strategies and → Health services must be shared equally by tactics all people irrespective of their ability to pay. Controlling → This function refers to monitoring staff → All must have access to health services activities and performance and taking the → aims to correct im balance appropriate actions for corrective action to Community Participation increase performance → The involvement of individuals, Directing families and communities in promotion → Its focus is to initiate action in the of their own health and welfare organization through effective leadership → There must be continuing effort to secure and motivation of, and meaningful involvement of the community communication with,subordinates MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN RELATION TO ORGANIZING Authority, Responsibility, and Accountability Authority  refers to the formal and legitimate right of a manager to issue orders, make decisions, and allocate resources to achieve desired outcomes of the organization. Responsibility  is the duty of the employee to perform the assigned tasks and activities Accountability  it means that those with authority and responsibility must report and justify task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command 8 Types of Authority Line authority  managers have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates. The superior issues orders and is responsible for the result, the subordinate obeys and is responsible only for executing the order according to instructions. Functional  is where managers have formal power over a specific subset of activities. authority Staff authority  given to specialists in their areas of expertise. The staff manager simply advises, recommends,and counsels.  It is not a real authority in the sense that a staff manager does not order or instruct but simply advises, recommends,and counsels in the staff specialists' area of expertise Centralization, Decentralization, and Formalization Centralization  refers to the concentration of planning and decision-making to the top of the organization Decentralization  refers to the delegation of planning and decision-making to the lower branches of the organization. Formalization  efers to a written documentation provided for the direct control of the employees Staffing List of functions of managers: a. Assign individuals to respective positions identified in a management plan b. Assess required competencies through  identification of the key result areas (KRA’s) per major activity  determination of competencies and qualifications c. Recruit qualified personnel d. Improve existing services and programs by  reviewing and adjusting the requirements accordingly  matching the competency requirements vis-a-avis the responsible personnel assigned to the activity THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM formulation and development of national health → The Philippine health care system policies,guidelines, standards and manual of is ”a complex set of organizations operations for health services and programs; interacting to provide an array of health issuance of rules and regulations, licenses and services.” (Dizon,1977) accreditations; promulgation of national health → Has rapidly evolved with many challenges standards,goals, priorities and indicators; through time development of special health programs and  Health service delivery was devolved to the Local projects Government Units(LGUs) in 1991, and for many and advocacy for legislation on health policies and reasons, it has not completely surmounted the pro fragmentation issue.  The primary function of the Department of Health is the  Health human resource struggles with the problems of promotion,protection, preservation or restoration of the underemployment,scarcity and skewed distribution. health of the people through the provision and delivery  There is a strong involvement of the private sector of health services and through the regulation and comprising 50% of the health system but regulatory encouragement of providers of health goods and functions of the government have yet to be fully services (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3) maximized VISION OF Health as a right. Health for All Filipinos by The Department of Health Mandate (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3) DOH the year 2000 and Health in the Hands of the People by the year 2020. → The DOH has the responsibility to MISSION The mission of the DOH, in partnership with create, plan, implement, and OF DOH the people to systematize national health policies, ensure equity, quality and access to health advocacies, and programs. care: The Department of Health shall be responsible for the a. by making services available following: b. by arousing community awareness c. by mobilizing resources d. by promoting the means to better health DOH Mission and Vision VISION BY 2030 A global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsive health care system, and equitable health financing. MISSION DOH mission states To guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health. 9  MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 3: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AND THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES Primary Level a. Units operated by the DOH which include the rural health units, their respective sub-centers, of Health Care chest clinics, malaria eradication units, and schistosomiasis control units; Facilities b. Puericulture center operated by the League of Puericulture Centers; c. Units operated by the Philippine Tuberculosis Society such as the tuberculosis clinics and hospitals; d. Clinics operated by Philippine Medical Association; e. Clinics operated by large industrial firms for their employees; f. Health centers and community hospitals operated by the Philippine Medical Care Commission; and g. Other health facilitates operated by voluntary religious and civic groups. (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981) Secondary  These are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals.These are emergency and regional Level of Health hospitals were adequate treatments are offered for patients with symptomatic stages of diseases. Care Facilities Tertiary Level  These are the specialized national hospitals which offer highly technological and of Health Care specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel are treated here. Facilities  The services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge,facilities and personnel to treat effectively (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981) LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS Grassroot or Village  First contacts of the community and initial links of healthcare. Health Workers  Provide simple curative and preventive health care measures promoting healthy environment.  Participate in activities geared towards the improvement of the socio-economic level of the community like food production program.  Community health worker, volunteers or traditional birthattendants Intermediate Level  Represent the first source of professional health care Health Workers  Attends to health problems beyond the competence ofvillage workers  Provide support to front-line health workers in terms ofsupervision, training, supplies, and services.  Medical practitioners, nurses and midwives First-Line Hospital  Provide backup health services for cases that require hospitalization Personnel  Establish close contact with intermediate level health workers or village health workers.  Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professionals Factors on the various categories of health workers among countries and communities: 1. available health manpower resources 2. local health needs and problems 3. political and financial feasibility 10  MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 4: OVERVIEW OF HEALTH INFORMATICS 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Information technology and business are becoming  Implementations of EHR systems have increased inextricably interwoven. I don’t think anybody can talk dramatically in the past few years since the inception of meaningfully about one without the talking about the other. the HITECH Act in 2009, which introduced the EHR - Bill Gates meaningful use program Health Information Technology for Economic and  The transition from a manual to a more advanced Clinical Health Act (Feb. 9, 2017) health information system is an overarching issue that → to promote the adoption and meaningful sits between providers of healthcare, managers, policy use of Health Information Technology makers,researchers, and patients alike. While there → Meaningful use is changing to a new are benefits, there are also undeniable disadvantages. value-based reimbursement system under HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY a law passed by Congress in 2015 called → defined as “the area of IT involving the MACRA, the Medicare Access and CHIP design,development, creation, use, and (Children's Health Insurance Plan) maintenance of information systems for Reauthorization Act the health care industry. (Rouse, 2016)  There are two widely used types of health information → Often involves electronic transactions of technology, the Picture Archiving and Communication health Information Systems (PACS) and Vendor Neutral Archives (VNA). → Connect different users and stakeholders These two help manage and strong the patients’ in the e health market. medical images. Automated and interoperable healthcare information In the past, radiology departments have systems are expected to: been the primary repositories of medical 1. improve medical care, images, but PACS and VNAs are integrating 2. lower costs, radiology into the main hospital workflow, 3. Increase efficiency, and other specialties such as cardiology, 4. reduce error and pathology, oncology, dermatology and 5. improve patient satisfaction neurology have also become large-scale  Because HIT often involves electronic transactions of producers of clinical images. health information, it is important to maintain privacy In some instances, VNAs have been installed and security during transmission (Kushniruk and as a way to merge imaging data stored in Borycki, 2017). separate departments' image banks in a  Health information technology promises to modernize multi-facility healthcare system. and streamline healthcare and to connect different HEALTH INFORMATION ECOSYSTEM users and stakeholders in the e-health market → Also known as health interoperability (Kushniruk and Borycki, 2017). ecosystem Health Informatics → A composition of individuals, systems, and → the application of both technology and processes that share, exchange, and systems in a healthcare setting. access all forms of health information, HEALTH CARE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS including discrete, narrative, and The three fundamental components of the Health multimedia (Healthcare Information and information technology structure are: Management System Society, 2017). Electronic Health Record (EHR), Personal Health  Individuals, patients, providers, hospitals/health Record(PHR), and Health Information Exchange (HIE) systems, researchers,payers, suppliers and systems Electronic Health Record (EHR) are potential stakeholders within such an ecosystem. → Also called an Electronic Medical Record Each is involved in the creation, exchange and use of (EMR) health information and/or data. → Central component of the health IT  An efficient health interoperability ecosystem provides infrastructure an information infrastructure that uses technical → A person's official, digital health record standards, policies and protocols to enable seamless and is shared among multiple healthcare and secure capture, discovery, exchange and providers and agencies utilization of health information HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE CLOUD Personal Health Record (PHR)  The role of cloud technology is undeniably → which is a person's self-maintained health significant in our everyday lives. record  Currently, 83% of healthcare organizations are Health Information Exchange (HIE) making use of cloud-based applications, and it is → A health data clearinghouse or a group of changing the landscape of the healthcare system healthcare organizations that enter into and health informatics an interoperability pact and agree to Advantages: share data between their various health IT 1. Integrated and efficient patient care systems  single access point for patient information 11   allows multiple doctors to review lab results or another barrier to the integration of IT in Philippine notes on patients. healthcare (Marcelo, 2012)  Physicians can spend more time deciding and performing patient treatment instead of waiting for information he needs coming from different departments 2. Better management data  Accumulation of electronic health records will allow more meaningful data mining that can better assess the health of the general public.  More data can mean more opportunities to identify trends in diseases and crises Disadvantages: 1. Potential Risks to Personal Information  vulnerable to data breaches.  Information contained within medical records may be subjected to theft or other violations of privacy and confidentiality  Fortunately, safeguards may be put in place in order to minimize such threats, such as encryption, proper data disposal, and other security features 2. Cloud Setup Seem Cumbersome  transition from a traditional to an automated system might be difficult to some members of healthcare organizations, particularly for smaller or older practices that may not be familiar with cloud technology HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE PHILIPPINES  Health Informatics is the application of both technology and systems in a health care setting.  Loosely practiced in the Philippines as early as the 1980s. Community Health Information Tracking System (CHITS) → is an electronic medical record (EMR) utilized by 111 government facilities. → CHITS was developed through the collaboration of the Information and Communication Technology community and health workers, primarily designed for use in the Philippine health centers in disadvantages areas. → The implementation of CHITS has indeed resulted to heightened efficiency among health workers, since more time can be spent on providing patient care (Department of Science and Technology,2012).  Despite the development, health informatics in the Philippines still suffers from various issues that hamper progress, one of these is the lack of interest in the field.  Health informatics is seen more as a novelty rather than as a profession.When professional and economic constraints come into play, priorities shift towards clinical responsibilities at the expense of health informatics as a discipline.  Another issue is that benefits of information technology do not seem apparent to many decision- makers in the healthcare sector. The large initial expenditure for a health information system remains 12  MLS 1103: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE LESSON 5: HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1st SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Health Informatics improving health (Pacific Health Information Network, → the application of both technology and 2016). systems in a healthcare setting. ROLE AND FUNCTION OF HEALTH Health Information Technology Sheahan (2017) defines health information system (HIS) as → focuses on tools a mechanism to keep track of everything related to patients: Health Information Systems  Patient’s medical history → cover different systems that capture, store,  Medication logs manage, and transmit health-related  Contact information information that can be sourced from  Appointment times individuals or activities of a health  Insurance information institution.  Billing and payment accounts → cover the records, coding, documentation, The role that a well-implemented HIS can perform in and administration of patient and ancillary improving health services are as follows: services. 1. Easier access to files → Refer to any system that captures, stores,  The systems have revolutionized the collection and manages or transmits information related management of patient information. The need of to the health of individuals or the hard copy of patient’s medical records becomes activities of organizations that work within optional as the systems are electronic the health sector 2. Better control → definition encompasses district level  Only authorized personnel can have access routine information systems, disease information on the patient’s health. Doctors may surveillance systems, and also includes be given permission to update patient information laboratory information systems, hospital while a receptionist may only have the authority to patient administration systems (PAS) and update patient’s appointments human resource management information 3. Easier update systems (HRMIS)  After creation of the record, patient information can  a well-functioning HIS is an integrated effort to collect, be accessed and reviewed any time and copies process, report and use health information and can be printed or released to the patient upon knowledge to influence policy and decision-making, request program action, individual and public health 4. Improved communication outcomes, and research.  HIS assist communication among doctors and policy level hospitals. However, medical professionals must → decisions informed by evidence contribute adhere to regulations on patient privacy and to more efficient resource allocation security to ensure that information is kept delivery level confidential and safe from unauthorized access → information about the quality and  A good Health Information Systems delivers the effectiveness of services can contribute to accurate information in a timely manner, enabling better outcomes decision-makers to make better-informed choices  employees need feedback on how the routine data about different aspects of the health institution, from they collect can be utilized, and also need to patient care to annual budgets. It also upholds understand the significance of good quality data for transparency and accountability due to the easier access to information COMPONENTS OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS Health Information  These include the legislative, regulatory and planning frameworks required for a fully functioning Systems Resources health information system, and there sources that are required for such a system to be functional.  Such resources involve: personnel, financing, logistics support, information and communications technology (ICT), and coordinating mechanisms within and between the six components Indicators  The basis of the HIS plan and strategy includes indicators and related targets such as determinants of health; health system inputs, outputs, and outcomes; and the health status Data Sources  Occasional health surveys, research ,and information produced by community-based organizations may not be directly classified under the main categories, but they provide useful information Divided into main categories Population-based approaches  censuses, civil registration and population surveys Institution-based data  individual records, service records and resource records 13 Data Management  Refers to the handling of data, starting from collection and storage to data flow and quality assurance, processing, compilation, and data analysis Information  Transformed into information that will become the basis for evidence and knowledge to shape products health action Dissemination and  HIS enhances the value of health information by making it readily available to policymakers and Use data users. These six components of health information systems can be categorized into inputs, processes, and outputs Input  Refer to Health information system resources Process  Indicators, Data sources, Data management Outputs  Information products, Dissemination and use DIFFERENT DATA SORCES FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS (Donaldson and Lohr, 1994) Demographic data  consist of facts such as age (or birth date), gender, race and ethnic origin, marital status, address of residence, names of and other information about immediate family members, and emergency information. Information about employment status (and employer),schooling and education Administrative data  involves facts, with respect to services provided (e.g., diagnostic tests or outpatient procedures), and also typically include charges and amounts paid, the kind of practitioner (physician, pediatrist,psychologist), physician specialty, and nature of institution (general or specialty hospital, physician office or clinic, home care agency,nursing home, and so forth) Health risk information  Reveals lifestyle and behavior (e.g., whether an individual uses tobacco product or engages regularly in strenuous exercise) and facts about family history and genetic factors to evaluate propensity for different diseases. Health status  (or health-related quality of life), is generally reported by individuals themselves, reflects domains of health such as physical functioning, mental and emotional well-being, cognitive functioning,social and role functioning, and perceptions of one's health in the past, present, and future and compared with that of one's peers Patient medical history  data on previous medical encounters such as hospital admissions,surgical procedures, pregnancies and live births, and the like; it also includes information on past medical problems and possibly family history or events (e.g., alcoholism or parental divorce) Current medical  Includes the content of encounter forms or parts of the patient record. Such information management might reflect health screening, current health problems and diagnoses, allergies (especially those to medications), diagnostic or therapeutic procedures performed, laboratory tests carried out, medications prescribed, and counseling provided Outcomes data  comprise a wide array of measures of the effects of health care and the aftermath of various health problems; they might reflect healthcare events such as re-admission to hospital or unexpected complications or side effects of care, and also include measures of satisfaction with care. Outcomes assessed weeks or months after health care events, and by means of reports directly from individuals (or family members), are desirable, although these are likely to be the least commonly available 14