IC_Unit1.pdf

103: Introduction To Computer Presented By: Dr.Ishaan Tamhankar 1 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 103: Unit -1 Agenda ❖Computer Introduction ❖Characteristics of computer ❖History of computing ❖ Earl...

103: Introduction To Computer Presented By: Dr.Ishaan Tamhankar 1 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 103: Unit -1 Agenda ❖Computer Introduction ❖Characteristics of computer ❖History of computing ❖ Earlier Computers ❖Generation of Computers ❖ Types of computers ❖ Hardware and Software 2 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer  Computer… ⚫ 6:15 AM - Timer in coffee maker turns on ⚫ 6:30 AM - Computerized alarm clock rings ⚫ 7:30 AM - Drive car/airbag, brakes, radio ⚫ 8:00 AM - Check email at work ⚫ 9:00 AM - Check in-coming voice mail ⚫ 10:00 AM - Receive in-coming fax ⚫ 12:00 PM - Buy gift. Electronic Kiosk ⚫ 1:15 PM – Reserve airline ticket over Internet ⚫ 3:00 PM - Pick up paycheck ⚫ 5:15 PM - Stop off at ATM ⚫ 6:30 PM – Credit card shopping ⚫ 11:30 PM - Microwave dinner Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 3  Computer… ⚫ Comes from the word “compute” ⚫ Compute means “to calculate” ⚫ So Computer is electronic device that performs arithmatic calculations at a very high Speed ⚫ Computer is device that operates upon “Data” or “Information” ⚫ e.g. preparing results, calculations, transactions, scientific work etc Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 4  Computer… ⚫ The activity of processing data using computer is called Data Processing. Finally… Computer can be termed as “Data Processor” i.e it can store, process and retrieve data whenever required. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 5  Computer… Definition: “ A computer is an electronic device which takes input from user in form of data, process on it and give the result ( information) back to user as per instruction inputted by the user.” Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 6 Characteristics of Computer… 1. Automatic 2. Speed 3. Accuracy 4. Diligence 5. Versatility 6. Power of remembering 7. No I.Q. 8. No Feelings Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 7  …Characteristics of Computer… Automatic… ⚫ Works by itself without human intervention ⚫ Once job started, it carries out the job until it finish ⚫ User need to instruct a computer using coded instructions that specify exactly how it will do a particular job. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 8  …Characteristics of Computer… Speed… ⚫ Very fast device ⚫ Work done at enormous speed as compare to human beings ⚫ Speed of computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds(10-9) and even picoseconds (10-12) ⚫ Shortly 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per seconds Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 9  …Characteristics of Computer… Accuracy… ⚫ Works with the highest Accuracy ⚫ Accuracy depends upon the “Design of Computer” ⚫ Errors occurred are mostly “Human Errors” rather than “Technological Errors” ⚫ Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etc Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 10  …Characteristics of Computer… Diligence… ⚫ Free from “Tiredness” ⚫ Free from lack of “Concentration” ⚫ Speed and Accuracy of first calculation will be the same as millionth calculation in a row Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 11  …Characteristics of Computer… Versatility… ⚫ Can perform all kind of job simultaneously ⚫ Can do diverse nature of works like calculation, graphic work, searching etc at the same time Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 12  …Characteristics of Computer… Power of Remembering… ⚫ Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge amount of data ⚫ Can recall required data even stored years before in no time ⚫ Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “Not Important” ⚫ Loss or Deletion of data is done by User Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 13  …Characteristics of Computer… No IQ… ⚫ Not a thinking machine ⚫ Not Intelligent ⚫ Never does a task at its own ⚫ Follow human Instructions Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 14  …Characteristics of Computer… No Feelings… ⚫ Follow human/programmer Instructions ⚫ Never decides at its own will ⚫ No taste ⚫ No knowledge ⚫ No emotion Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 15  History Of Computing ⚫ Abacus ⚫ Pascaline (Blaise Pascal) ⚫ Calculator (Leibnitz) ⚫ Punch Card (Joseph Jacquard) ⚫ Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage) ⚫ Binary System (John Von Neumann) Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 16  History Of Computing Abacus Abacus, a mechanical device used by merchant to do arithmetical calculations (add, subtract, multiply and divide)- was used nearly in 2000 B.C. It is the earliest machine known that was used for calculation. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 17  History Of Computing Pascaline Centuries later mechanically operated devices were developed. In 1642 A.D., Blaise Pascal invented the First mechanical calculator that could add and subtract numbers. Blaise Pascal 1923 - 1962 Pascaline Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 18  History Of Computing Calculator In 1671 A.D., Leibniz invented a calculator that could add, Subtract even multiply and divide numbers using the concept of - Repeated addition and subtraction. Leibniz Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 19  History Of Computing Loom Punch Card 1752 - 1834 Joseph Jacquard In 1804 A.D., Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, devised a loom that used “Punched Cards” to direct the weaving pattern. This device used the concept of giving instruction to the machine To do a job. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 20  History Of Computing Analytical Engine analytical engine, 1834 Charles Babbage In 1834, Charles Babbage, also called the father of computers, Devised an analytical engine, which could be programmed by instructions coded initially on punched cards and then stored permanently. His efforts establish a number of principals that are fundamental to the design of any digital 21 computer. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer  History Of Computing John Von Neumann In 1940, John Von Neumann, suggested that the data and instructions could be used in building computers. This theory –revolutionized the design of equipment; since the binary system is represent by two digits (0 & 1) and electronic components are typically in one of the two conditions (On or Off). Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 22 Some Well Known Early Computers Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 23  MARK-1 Computer (1937- 44) Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ✓ 1st fully automatic calculating machine ✓ Electro- mechanic device ✓ 50 feet long and 8 feet high ✓ 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations ✓ Capable of performing five basic arithmetic operations: o addition o subtraction o multiplication o division Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 24  Atansoff Barry Computer (ABC) (1939- 42) ✓ Electronic machine to solve mathematical equations ✓ It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage ✓ Developed by Dr. Jhon Attansoff & his assistant, Clifford Berry. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 25  ENIAC Computer (1943- 46) The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator ✓ The 1st all electronic computer ✓ Developed for military need ✓ Took up wall space in 20X40 square room ✓ used 18,000 vacuum tubes Drawback: Programmes were wired on board which were difficult to change Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 26  EDVAC (1946- 52) The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ✓ Design on stored program concept i.e sequence of instruction and data stored in memory ✓ Both instruction and data stored in binary form Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 27  EDSAC (1947- 49) Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ✓ Britishers simultaneously developed EDSAC with EDVAC of U.S.A Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 28  UNIVAC – I (1951) Universal Automatic Computer ✓ 1st fully electronic Digital Computer built in the U.S. ✓ Contained 18,000 vacuum tubes ✓ First Commercial Computer Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 29  UNIVAC – I (1951) Universal Automatic Computer Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 30  History & Evolution Abacus Difference Engine Mechanical Calculator Analytical Engine 1944 MARK I Howard Aiken at Harvard University 1951 - UNIVAC1 first commercial computer 1954 - Hewlett and Packard Met and setup shop in Garage at Silicon valley 31 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer  Generations Of Computers ⚫ First Generation ( 1942- 55) ⚫ Second Generation ( 1955- 64) ⚫ Third Generation ( 1965- 74) ⚫ Fourth Generation ( 1975- 1989) ⚫ Fifth Generation ( 1990- ????) Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 32  First Generation (1942- 55) Vacuum Tubes ❑ Generation period: 1942- 1955 ❑ Key technology o Vacuum tubes for circuitry o Magnetic Drum for memory o Punch cards and paper tape for input o Output display on printouts o machine and assembly languages ❑ Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 33  First Generation (1940- 56) IBM Punched Card (input) Magnetic Tapes (output) Vacuum Tubes (memory) Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 34  …Generations of Computer… 1st Generation… ❑ Characteristics of first generation computers ▪ Based on vacuum tubes ▪ Comp. are very large, require lots of space ▪ Generated a large amount of heat. Air condoning were require ▪ Non-portable and very slow equipment ▪ Very expensive to operate and used much electricity ▪ Machines were unreliable, required constant maintenance ▪ Machine language was used, difficult to program and use ▪ Limited commercial use because commercial production was difficult and expensive Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 35  Second Generation (1955- 64) Transistors ❑ Generation period: 1955- 1964 ❑ Key technology o Transistor replaced vacuum tubes o Magnetic Core as primary memory o Magnetic tapes and disks for secondary storage o Punch card for output o High level prog. Languages like COBOL, FORTRAN ❑ Examples: IBM- 1401, IBM 7090 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 36  Second Generation (1940- 56) Transistors Mini Computer Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 37  …Generations of Computer… 2nd Generation… ❑ Characteristics of second generation computers ▪ Based on transistors technology ▪ Computers were smaller as compare to 1st generation ▪ Computation time was reduced to microsec. From milisec. ▪ Better portability ▪ Generated less amount of heat, still required air conditioning ▪ Programming become time efficient and less cumbersome as assembly language was used to program Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 38  Third Generation (1965- 74) Integrated Circuits (ICs) ❑ Generation period: 1965- 1974 ❑ Key technology o Integrated Circuits (ICs) with SSI(Small Scale Integration) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration) o Larger Magnetic Core memory o Larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes for storage o Time Sharing O.S, High level programming language ❑ Examples: PDP 11, CDC 6600 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 39 Third Generation (1940- 56) IC (Semiconductor) Magnetic Taps Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 40  …Generations of Computer… 3rd Generation… ❑ Characteristics of third generation computers ▪ Based on integrated circuit technology ▪Computation time was reduced from microsec. To nanosec. ▪ Easily portable and more reliable ▪ Consumed less power and generate less heat. ▪ Size was smaller compared to earlier versions ▪ failing of hardware was rarely, maintenance cost was very low ▪ easier and cheaper to produce commercially Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 41  Fourth Generation (1975- 89) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) ❑ Generation period: 1975- 1989 ❑ Key technology o ICs with VLSI technology o Larger capacity disks in secondary storage o Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage o Output on screen o O.S. for PCs., Unix O.S. o High level prog. Languages like C o Network based applications ❑ Examples: Apple II, Altair 8800, CRAY - I Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 42  …Generations of Computer… 4th Generation… ❑ Characteristics of fourth generation computers ▪ Based on microprocessor system ▪ very small in size ▪ very reliable ▪ easy to use PCs. ▪ easier to produce commercially ▪ totally general purpose machines ▪ require minimum maintenance ▪ Intercomputer communication and resource sharing is easy Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 43  Fifth Generation (1990- ????) Ultra Large Scale Integrated chips (ULS ❑ Generation period: 1990 – ???? ❑ Key technology o Ultra Large Scale Integrated chips (ULSI) o Still in development stage o Larger capacity main memory o Larger capacity hard disks o Optical disk as portable o World Wide Web (WWW) o multimedia & Internet based application ❑ Examples: Pentium PCs., IBM SP/2, SUN workstations … Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 44  …Generations of Computer… 5th Generation… Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 45  …Generations of Computer… 5th Generation… ❑ Characteristics of fifth generation computers ▪ Portable computers ▪ More Powerful ▪ Cheaper ▪ Reliable ▪ Easier to use ▪ Easier to produce commercially ▪ Totally general purpose machines Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 46  …Generations of Computer… 5th Generation… ❑ Development in 5th generation: The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to all more or less “sci fi” future developments: ✓ Voice recognition ✓ Artificial intelligence ✓ Bio computing ✓ Nano technology ✓ Learning ✓ Natural languages Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 47  Introduction To Computers Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers Generation 2: Transistor Computers Generation 3: Integrated Circuits Generation 4: Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) Generation 5: Ultra Large Scale Integration(ULSI) Classification/types Of Computers Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 49  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to Purpose ❑ General Purpose ✓Computers used in general purpose likes sales, analysis, financial accounting, inventory management etc. are called general purpose computers. ✓Used in commercial and education applications. ❑ Special Purpose ✓Computers used in special purpose likes weather forecasting, space applications, medical diagnostics etc are called special purpose computers Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 50  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to size & Capacity ❑ Super Computers ✓Computers having very high processing speed is called super computers. ✓ Generally used for scientific applications ✓ Applications which used this computers are: o Weather information o Nuclear energy research o Medical o Electronic Design o Defence ✓ e.g : CRAY3 etc.. Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 51  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to size & Capacity ❑ Mainframe Computers ✓A high capacity computer but lesser than super computers mainly used for bulk data handling and information processing is called mainframe computers. ✓Used when large no of users share a common computing facility. ✓Applications which used this computers are: o Railway & airline Reservation o Banking application ✓ e.g : IBM3090, IBM4300 etc… Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 52  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to size & Capacity ❑ Minicomputers ✓ Smaller and slower than mainframe computers. ✓ Cost is less compared to mainframe computers ✓ Mainly used in distributed systems. ✓ e.g : PDP- 1 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 53  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to size & Capacity ❑ Microcomputers ✓ Smallest category of computer which used microprocessor as its CPU ✓ Capacity is limited for personal use only ✓e.g : Pentium I/II/III/IV etc… Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 54  …Classification/types Of Computers… According to size & Capacity ❑ Microcomputers Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 55  …Classification/types Of Computers… Microcomputers ❑ Notebook Computers ✓ Small in size ✓ Easily portable ✓ Used by people who need computing power where ever they go ✓ Light weight computers ✓ Can be carried in briefcase ✓ Used keyboard, Flat screen LCD and touchpad ✓ Have a hard disk, CD-ROM drive. ✓ Used for word processing, data entry, prep. presentation material ✓ With Fully Charged battery it can be used for some hours Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 56  …Classification/types Of Computers… Microcomputers ❑ Palmtops ✓ Small enough to feet in ones pocket ✓ Easily portable ✓ Used for general purpose computing ✓ Configured for limited applications ✓ Use flash memory instead of hard disk ✓ Do not have Keyboard but have touch screen ✓ very light weight with battery life Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 57  …Classification/types Of Computers… Microcomputers ❑ PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) ✓Pocket size computer having facilities like calendar, calculator, notepad etc., ✓ Applications include: o store contact information o Make to-do list o take notes o track appointment o perform calculation o can connect to internet o GPS (global positioning system) device o run multimedia software Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 58 Hardware and Software Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 59  Hardware The tangible, physical equipment that can be seen and touched. Examples: o Computer Case (CPU) o Monitor o Keyboard o Mouse o Disk Drive o Speakers Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 60 Hardware Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 61  Software ✓ The intangible parts that user can work with is called software ✓ Software are programs written to perform specific tasks. Examples: o Operating System o MS WORD for text typing setting o All Computer Languages o Virus scanner o Tally for business accounting management Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 62 Category of Software Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 63  Category of Software ❑Application software ✓ Easy-to-use programs designed to perform specific tasks ✓ Application software makes computer popular and easy to use ✓ Common application software: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect PowerPoint Netscape, Internet Explorer Photoshop, Photo-Paint Quick Time Dreamweaver Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 64  Category of Software ❑ System software ✓ Programs that support the execution and development of other programs ✓ Controls and manages the computing resources ✓ Control the computer ✓ Examples: Windows, Unix, MSDOS ✓ Two major types ▪ Operating systems execute other programs ▪ Translation systems development of other programs Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 65 Category of Software Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer 66 Interface of user with hardware 67 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer The End Unit- I 68 Chapter: 1 Introduction To Computer