Digital World Topic 1 - Introduction to the Digital World PDF

Digital World Topic 1 An introduction to The Digital Computer © NCC Education Limited  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 -...

Digital World Topic 1 An introduction to The Digital Computer © NCC Education Limited  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.2 The Unit Roadmap Topic 1 – An Introduction to The Digital Computer Topic 2 – Data Processing Topic 3 – Data Communication, Networking and the Internet Topic 4 – Big Data and Data Analytics Topic 5 – Social Media, Social Networking, Virtual Reality and Cyberspace Topic 6 – Artificial Intelligence  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.3 The Unit Roadmap Topic 7 – E-commerce Topic 8 - Security Topic 9 – Cyber Warfare Topic 10 – The impact of digital technology Topic 11 – Cultural, Ethical, Environmental and Legal Issues Relating to Computing Topic 12 – Summary and Assignment  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.4 Scope and Coverage This topic will cover: A brief history of the digital computer Digital and analogue technology The theory of Computation Computational Thinking Computing and Innovation  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.5 Learning Outcomes By the end of this topic students will be able to: 1. Discuss the development of the Digital Computer and its characteristics Outline the history of Digital Computers Discuss the development of the Digital Computer and its characteristics Define the terms decomposition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.6 Why study the Digital World? The digital world has had a profound impact on our every-day lives. The internet and the means to access it using a range of innovative devices have become integral in people's education, social and working lives. Along with the substantial opportunities living in a digital age provides, come a plethora of dangers and risks.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.7 Why study the Digital World? Despite the many potential risks, the popularity and development digital technologies will continue to grow.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.8 How will this course be assessed? At the end of the topic – The Digital World there will be two assessments: 1.A one hour written exam (covering all Learning Outcomes 1 to 4)  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.9 A brief history of the digital computer 43,00,000,000 What does that number mean to you? The number of digital computers/devices predicted to be connected to the Internet  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.10 A brief history of the digital computer How many of you own or have access to one or more of the following digital devices? Laptop Tablet Smartphone Calculator Smart speaker Each one of these devices is an example of a digital computer  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.11 A brief history of the digital computer Digital computers are used in everyday life. From searching the Internet, streaming films to completing online banking… Paired discussion – can you give definitions for the following keywords: 1. Digital 2. Computer 3. Digital Computer  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.12 A brief history of the digital computer Let us start by breaking down the words… Digital – electrical signals usually represented as binary ( 0 or 1 ) Computer – a device that can store and process data / information A digital computer can solve problems and process data using binary (a series of 0s and 1s)  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.13 A brief history of the digital computer Computers were created because of the need for solving huge number-crunching problems. Before computers, counting and making calculations using large numbers would take many years. Today, the same can be done in a fraction of that time. At the start, the computers were so huge that they filled rooms. Now even handheld smartphones have the capability to compute or carry out complex tasks.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.14 A brief history of the digital computer When was the first computer invented? The history of computers goes back thousands of years with the first one being the abacus. Dating back to roughly 2700 B.C. from the Mesopotamia region. However, Charles Babbage, the English mathematician and inventor is known as the “Father of Computers.” Charles Babbage created a steam-powered computer known as the Analytical Engine in 1837.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.15 A brief history of the digital computer Digital Vs. Analogue Computers The very first computer, the abacus, is a digital computer. It deals in digits. Modern computers are also digital because they compute everything using binary: 0’s and 1’s. Computers between the time of the abacus and modern digital-based computers were in fact analogue computers. Analogue computers are represented by continuously varying quantities. The earliest analogue computer, the Antikythera mechanism, is over 2000 years old. These ancient computers paved the way for modern digital-based computers.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.16 The Theory of Computation Paired discussion: What is Computing? Computing is all about solving problems using computer technologies The theory of computation underpins computing and digital making Not all problems can be solved using computers The first stage of problem solving is identifying whether or not a problem can be solved using computational methods  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.17 Computational Thinking We will have a look at the following computational thinking methods: Decomposition Abstraction Algorithms  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.18 Computational Thinking Group discussion: Can you match the definitions with the keywords? Computational Thinking method Definition Breaking down a complex task Decomposition into a sequence of simpler subtasks or subproblems. Step by step instructions used Algorithms to solve a problem Hiding background details and Abstraction removing unnecessary information. Algorithms Abstraction Decomposition  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.19 Decomposition Decomposition is the process of breaking down a complex task into a sequence of simpler subtasks or subproblems. Each of these subproblems can then be looked at and solved separately. This makes it easier to solve the whole problem and is sometimes referred to as divide and conquer.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.20 Abstraction Abstraction is a skill that programmers use. Abstraction is the act of removing complexity from a problem by hiding background details and removing unnecessary information. Abstraction allows the programmer to focus on the important parts of the problem to develop a solution. When you abstract something, you  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.21 Algorithms Algorithms involves identifying the component parts of a problem. Having identified the components, the challenge is to specifically state each step in the correct order required to produce a solution. An algorithm describes a precise solution that can be replicated time and time again.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.22 Checkpoint summary Group discussion: For each example below can you identify which B. Structure diagram for a game computational thinking method has been used… A. Underground train station Map C. Ingredients and a recipe for banana cake  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.23 Separation of Concerns Separation of concerns is a universal principle that pretty much all people do when trying to solve problems Think about a college. In a College, we have many employees with different roles to provide education to students: teachers, teaching assistants, techs, clerical staff, cafeteria, etc. Group discussion: Is there any one person that knows what each person needs to do daily to get their job done ? Why? No, because it would be overwhelming. You need to separate out the different roles of staff and their responsibilities It is easier for people to process information if it is neatly organised This is known as Separation of Concerns  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.24 Computing and Innovations As hardware and software continue to develop new innovations are developed that become the norm in society Group discussion – Think back to when you were younger. 1. What technological innovations have you witnessed? 2. How has technology changed since you were  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.25 Computing and Innovations In this section we will be looking at the following technological innovations Cloud Artificial Augment Internet Computi Intellige ed of Things ng nce Reality Paired activity – discuss each innovation: What do you already  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.26 Cloud Computing Cloud storage is where files are stored offsite on multiple internet connected servers. These are known as datacenters that are around the world. When you want to access or download a file your computer connects to the nearest available server and accesses the file. The files are stored on many different servers so that you can access the file from the quickest server and if one server goes down you can still access the file Multiple servers also mean than that there are multiple copies of your files so if your files are corrupted on one server there is a backup on another server  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.27 Cloud Computing Advantages of cloud storage You have access to your files whenever you are connected to the Internet When backing up a large number of big files it is often cheaper to pay for cloud storage than to buy a hard drive Backing up is done automatically for you You can share access to files/ folders with multiple people Disadvantages of cloud storage Your data is less secure (especially if you don’t use a strong password and don’t enable 2-factor authentication) You are putting your data security the hands of a third party You have no idea where your data is physically stored or who has access to it If your Internet connection is disrupted, or you have no access to the Internet you lose access to your files.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.28 Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of a computer system to mimic in a human-like behaviour: Analysing data Learning from new information and solving problems. AI uses mathematics and logic to enable the computer system to simulates human reasoning and to then make informed decisions. An artificially intelligent computer system can make predictions or take actions based on patterns in existing data. AI can learn from its mistakes to increase accuracy in the future.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.29 Artificial Intelligence A well-developed AI system can process new information quickly and accurately. This makes it extremely useful for complex scenarios, including self-driving cars, image recognition programs and virtual assistants. For example, many smart cities now use AI chatbots to offer residents quick and accurate answers and information online. Governments have invested in AI sensors to collect and analyse transportation data and to make traffic flow much easier.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.30 Augmented Reality Augmented reality differs from Virtual Reality. In virtual reality the user is transferred into a different reality, In AR the user is not removed from the environment in which they are in, but virtual elements are added to it. The environment is augmented – added to / improved rather than replacing it. This allows the real environment to become part of the experience, rather than completely replaced.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.31 Augmented Reality Example uses include: Projecting virtual screens on to real world walls or windows. Checking how products would look in a different environment Playing virtual board games on real tables.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.32 Internet of Things Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. The IoT connects everyday objects / devices such as kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices (inserting chips into them) This means that we can make communication possible between people, processes, and things.  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.33 Computing and Innovations Paired activity – Which technology has had or will have the biggest impact on society? Cloud Artificial Augment Internet Computi Intellige ed of Things ng nce Reality  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - Topic Summary - Quiz 1.34 The Abacus was one of the first computers? TRUE or FALSE  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - Topic Summary - Quiz 1.35 What is computing? A. Using computers to play games B. Using computers to solve problems C. Problem solving  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - Topic Summary - Quiz 1.36 The theory of computation is… A. Understanding if a computer can be used to solve a problem B. Breaking a problem down into smaller tasks C. Discarding irrelevant information and only focusing on important details  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - Topic Summary - Quiz 1.37 What is decomposition? A. Breaking a problem down into smaller easier to manage tasks B. Creating a set of step-by-step instructions C. Discarding irrelevant information and only focusing on important details  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - Topic Summary - Quiz 1.38 Which computational thinking method removes data that is not important? A. Algorithms B. Decomposition C. Abstraction Summary of introduction to the digital Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.39 computer Computers were originally developed to help humans solve large number-crunching problems. The first computers go back thousands of years starting with the abacus. Charles Babbage, known as the ‘father of computers’ created a steam-powered computer known as the Analytical Engine in 1837. These computers paved the way for modern digital computers. Summary of introduction to the digital Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.40 computer The theory of computation is all about solving problems using digital computers There are three computational problem-solving techniques – decomposition, abstraction and algorithmic thinking. As both hardware and software continue to develop new innovations become the norm in society including cloud computing, AI, AR and Internet of Things (IoT).  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.41 Next lesson In the next session we will be looking at: Explain the difference between data and information Discuss the development of large-scale data processing systems Describe how data is processed using relational Databases Explain what the software crisis is and what measures can be taken to solve the crisis in software engineering Identify issues of privacy and accuracy  Introduction To The Digital Computer -Topic 1 - 1.42 References Siu, K. (2022) What is Computational Thinking? https://teachyourkidscode.com/what-is-computational-thinking/. Brooks, R. (2023) What is computational thinking? - University of York. https://online.york.ac.uk/what-is-computational-thinking/. Staff, R.S.-C. (2021) CuriouSTEM - A Brief History of Digital Computers. https://www.curioustem.org/stem-articles/a-brief-history-of- digital-computers. Burgess, M. (2018) 'What is the Internet of Things? WIRED explains,' WIRED UK, 16 February. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/internet-of-things-what-is- explained-iot. Isaac Computer Science (2024). https://isaaccomputerscience.org/concepts/dsa_ctm_com putational_thinking_principles?examBoard=ocr&stage=gcse.  Digital World Topic 1 – Introduction to the Digital World