Humanities: Migration and Urbanisation PDF

🏔 Humanities MIGRATION AND URBANISATION: Migration: The act of permanently moving from one place to another as a group or by yourself. Reasons people migrate: Here we look at our push and pull factors. Push factors are factors that force you to leave your current residency. Sometimes this is due t...

🏔 Humanities MIGRATION AND URBANISATION: Migration: The act of permanently moving from one place to another as a group or by yourself. Reasons people migrate: Here we look at our push and pull factors. Push factors are factors that force you to leave your current residency. Sometimes this is due to Natural Disasters, War, not being safe in your country or persecution. Pull factors are factors that attract you to another place because that place might have better job opportunities, better studies, lets you practice your religion, cleaner environment, better government etc. Urbanisation: Urbanisation is the population shift from rural areas to urban areas and the physical growth of pre-existing urban areas. Some causes of urbanisation are natural population increase and rural-to-urban area migration. The effects this can have are low-quality shelter, dirty or low supply of water, many types of pollution like air, noise and light pollution, Road congestion resulting in lots of traffic and lastly overcrowded public transport. What is a slum: A slum is a low run-down area of a city with poor housing and extreme poverty. There are over 1 million slums in the world. Some of the biggest slums are in Mumbai, India. Developing Countries: Countries that are developing, these countries are poor and have low economies and a much lower standard of living. Developed Countries: Countries that are developed, these countries are not poor and are considered on the richer side of the economy and the people living there have a higher standard of living. Megacities: A megacity is a very large metropolitan area, typically with a population of over 10 million inhabitants. Some examples include Toyko, Jakarta, and New York. Types of migration: Types of migration include forced migration, chosen migration, student migration, internal migration, and international migration. Internation migration is where you migrate out of the country’s border to go live in another country. Internal migration is where you migrate within the country and do not cross the borders of the country you are living in. What is a refugee: People who have fled so they can escape conflict, violence and persecution to another country in order to find safety there. What is an asylum seeker: an asylum seeker is someone who has also fled their country in order for a safer place but hasn’t legally yet been recognised as a refugee and is waiting for an asylum claim. What is an immigrant: A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country. How has migration affected Australia: The impact of migration has a great contribution to the increase of demand for infrastructure through the spending of migrants by food, clothing, and housing. Migration has given the opportunity for every business to grow and develop because of the population increase. It has also made Australia a multicultural country. Suburbanisation: Suburbanisation is the creation of communities in an area near the city. The main causes of Suburbanization are demands for housing, transportation, markets, and more space for community engagement. Decentralisation: decentralisation is spreading out control or decision-making. Benefits migrants have on countries: Economic benefits: Boosts the workforce, creates businesses, and grows the economy. Increase in housing prices and electricity/gas/solar demands have gone higher. Many people are finding it harder to find their first homes due to the demand for housing in capital cities and around them. Social Benefits: Bring cultural diversity and enrich communities. Greater demands for migrants mean greater demands for goods and services, resulting in more employment opportunities. The negative effects are that the more population density the increase in crime rate. More demands for schools and hospitals. Environmental Benefits: Immigrants on certain visas help support Australia’s farming industry where there is a skill shortage in farming. Large new farmlands are being developed. The negative effects are that wildlife habitats are destroyed with increasing urbanisation. Increased traffic congestion results in more air, noise, and light pollution. More pressure on Australia’s water supply. CIVICS: Consumer ethics: consumer ethics means choosing to buy new things, in a way that helps people, animals, and the environment Different types of laws: The three main types of laws are. Civil Law: laws that handle flight between individuals and organizations.. Criminal Law: that handles crime and persecution disputes.. Administrative Law: handles government cases that also affect the public Australia’s legal system: The rule of the law: The rule of the law is the concept that everyone is equal before the law, no matter their powers or social status. The three principles of justice:. Fairness: everyone has the right to a free trial meaning they are innocent until they are proven guilty.. Equality: The rule of the law means everyone is equal (Australia’s legal system).. Access: The access of having a legal representative means people have access to professionals such as attorneys or translation services. The law-making process: There are six main steps of the law-making process.. The bill is prepared which is proposed by a member of parliament.. The First reading of the house happens, and the bill is introduced.. The Second reading happens when any changes needed are made and the bill is further discussed.. The third Reading happens when the bill is voted on.. The bill goes to the next house where all three readings happen again (this process could be repeated multiple times).. Royal assent happens when the governor general reviews and signs the bill which then officially makes it a law. The process of changing a law:. A proposal is made to change the law. Then the proposal goes to the House of Representatives and the Senate where they debate on whether they should alter the law or not. A Voting happens where both houses have to agree. Royal assent where the governor general signs the proposed law and it becomes a new law. The concept of democracy: Democracy is the concept that everyone has equal rights and has a say in political decisions. In Australia people can vote for the people who represent the community, state, and country, making Australia a representative democracy Consitituion and Referendum: Australian Contituion: The Australian Contituion is a legal document made by the commonwealth government of Australia and it tells us the law-making powers in parliament as well as the division of law-making powers. Referendum: A referendum is a vote taken by people about a specific issue or question. Freedom in Australia: The main Australian freedoms are freedom of speech, religion, assembly, movement, and association. Magna Carta: The Magna Carta is a document that was created In England over 800 years ago, and it is below the law.