Potential Effects of Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration PDF

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND RURAL- URBAN  THINK ALOUD Why do people move from one area to another? Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location. URBANIZATION...

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND RURAL- URBAN  THINK ALOUD Why do people move from one area to another? Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location. URBANIZATION is the increase in the urban population of a country or area; The process of URBANIZATION is probably the most significant dimension of migration, due to its salient social and  MIGRANT is a person One of the most significant whose last usual place of residence was different patterns of rural to urban from the present place of migration is the movement of enumeration on the date people from the countryside to of inquiry has been considered as migrants. cities in search of Causes of RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION The major causes of rural-urban migration is identified as; search for better wages, education, political and social stability, better technologies, employment and business opportunities, poverty, unemployment, crop failures and famine, inadequate social amenities and facilities in the rural areas such as pipe borne water, REASONS TO MIGRATE PEOPLE MIGRATE FOR BOTH VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY REASONS  VOLUNTARY MIGRATION occurs when people choose to leave one place for another An example of voluntary migration is moving to BAGUIO from PANGASINAN in search of cold weather;  INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION occurs when people are forced to move to a new place; “Probinsyana” who wish to worked in Urban City/ies as kasambahay is an example of involuntary migrants.  Human migration affects population and characteristics, social and cultural patterns patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As people move, their cultural traits and ideas IMPACT diffuse along with them, creating and modifying cultural landscapes. Diffusion: The process through OF which certain characteristics (e.g., cultural traits, ideas, disease) spread over space and through MIGRATION time. Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that move with people from one place to another and do not remain in the point of origin. Expansion Diffusion: Ideas,  EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ▪ As more and more people arrive in the urban center, there will be insufficient jobs for them and the unemployment rate will increase; ▪ Brings pressure on urban housing and the environment as migrants arrive from rural areas they live on the streets & makeshift sub- standard accommodation; ▪ Population growth in the urban centers also lessens the quality of life because it: destroys resources, such as water and forests, needed for sustenance; and ▪ Over population of the urban centers thus encouraging and raising the rate  TYPES OF MIGRATION PERMANENT MIGRATION RETURN Occurs when migrant do not MIGRATION intend to return Basic definition (adapted from home. Reasons for permanent UNSD 1998): persons migration include: the returning to their country if attainment of jobs, the desire to origin after having lived move to the city or the desire to abroad/other place. establish a farm. SEASONAL MIGRATION FORCED The periodic movement MIGRATION of a population from Is involuntary. The migrant has one region or climate little or no choice to move, due to another in to environmental and human accordance with the  TYPES OF MIGRATION IRREGULAR MIGRATION MIGRATION FOR Movement that takes EDUCATION place outside the regulatory Is the norms of the sending, transit movement of and receiving countries. There people outside is no clear or universally their country accepted definition of birth or of irregular migration; The movement of a person or a citizenship. i group of persons, either MARRIAGE across an nternational border, MIGRATION or within a state. It is synonymous with family VOLUNTARY MIGRATION formation migration, as distinct from is when people family reunification migrate based  MARKETIZATION Sound marketization becomes center of gravity for migration by surrounded FACTORS regions. This type of areas AFFECTING attracts more & more GLOBALIZATI people from the other ON areas for better earnings MIGRATIO Globalization has prospects and better today precipitated N the process due to increased opportunities. The reality is that people today, are moving in search The Role of Cities Industrial Districts and Clustering Agglomeration economies: Urbanization Quality of clusters, or Industrial economies, localization (industry or Districts, is a key to sectorial sector) economies efficiency Saving on firm-to-firm, firm-to- Unfortunately a majority of consumer transportation developing countries have made Firms locating near workers with skills only limited progress they need, and vice versa China: a country that has made Firms benefit from infrastructure huge strides in generating Firms benefit from knowledge spillovers industrial districts over the last in their and related industries decade. (Also: consumers may benefit from urban amenities)  The Role of Cities Cities play an important role in economic development. Cities provide economies of scale, agglomeration, and localization; they provide efficient infrastructure and services through density and concentration in transportation, communications, power, human interactions, water and sanitation services. The Role of Cities Cities provide large efficiency benefits, which result in unprecedented gains in productivity and competitiveness. Cities are the centers of knowledge, innovation and specialization of production and services. Cities facilitate creative thinking and innovation. High concentration of people in cities generates more opportunities for interaction and communication, promotes creative thinking, creates  The Role of Cities Cities provide more opportunities for learning and sharing. Cities facilitate trade and commerce by providing super market places. Cities serve as production and services centers because the production of many goods and services is more efficient in a high- density urban environment. Cities provide consumers with more choices of goods and services. Cities are the agents of social, cultural, economic, technologic and political changes and advancement. http://urban-intergroup.eu/wp-content/files_mf/ World City Populations 2022 What are the most populated cities in the world? Here is a list of the top ten most populated cities in the world: 1.Tokyo (Population: 37,435,191) 2.Delhi (Population: 29,399,141) 3.Shanghai (Population: 26,317,104) 4.Sao Paulo (Population: 21,846,507) 5.Mexico City (Population: 21,671,908) 6.Cairo (Population: 20,484,965) 7.Dhaka (Population: 20,283,552) 8.Mumbai (Population: 20,185,064) 9.Beijing (Population: 20,035,455) 10.Osaka (Population: 19,222,665) Here, a list of the world’s most popular cities by overnight visitors: 1.Bangkok, Thailand: 22.78 million 2.Paris, France: 19.10 million 3.London, U.K.: 19.09 million 4.Dubai, U.A.E.: 15.93 million 5.Singapore: 14.67 million 6.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 13.79 million 7.New York City: 13.60 million 8.Istanbul, Turkey: 13.40 million 9.Tokyo, Japan: 12.93 million 10.Antalya, Turkey: 12.41 million  The Urban Giantism Problem There may be general urban bias First-City Bias favoring largest city Cities are capital intensive: large Causes of Urban Giantism: cities should be in developed countries – Import substitution industrialization: less in’t But urbanization in developing trade, concentration is in a single city largely to countries has taken place at avoid transportation costs unexpectedly rapid pace – “Bread and circuses” to prevent unrest Huge informal sectors in (evidence: stable democracies vs unstable shantytowns. Many workers outside dictatorships) formal sector – Hub and spoke transport system (rather than Much urban growth is in mid-size web) makes transport costs high for small cities cities, but urban bias remains a – Compounding effect of locating the national serious issue in many developing capital in the largest city countries Urban giantism is an economic situation whereby the government considers providing more financial support and development activities in large cities.  The Urban Informal Sector Why promote the urban informal sector? – Makes surplus despite hostile environment – Creating jobs due to low capital intensivity – Access to (informal) training, and apprenticeships – Creates D for less- or un-skilled workers – Uses appropriate technologies, local resources – Recycling of waste materials – More benefits to poor, especially women who are concentrated in informal sectors Policies for the Urban Informal Sector Women in the Informal Sector What is urban in unemployment? This type of unemployment refers to the situation in which individuals are willing to work in the manufacturing sector, but are unable to find a suitable job due to a lack of education or technical skills. Why is the unemployment rate so high in the Philippines? One of the primary contributors to the high unemployment rate in the Philippines is the rapid advancement of technology. The demand for unskilled labour is decreasing as a result of the increased use of automation and artificial intelligence, which are progressively replacing workers. What is the main causes of unemployment? What Are the Main Causes of Unemployment? There are a number of reasons for unemployment. These include recessions, depressions, technological improvements, job outsourcing, and voluntarily leaving one job to find another.  ▪ The rate of rural-urban migration is alarming in recent years and its effects are not only felt by the destination regions alone but also felt by the source regions-as CONCLUSION facilities in the destination regions are overstretched, the source regions are virtually deserted. ▪ Unless the government provides the basic necessities of life to the rural areas and provide the productive youth in the rural areas with employment POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND RURAL- URBAN MIGRATION 1.The Migration and Urbanization Dilemma 2.The Role of Cities 3.The Urban Giantism Problem 4.The Urban Informal Sector 5.Urban Unemployment  LEARNING ACTIVITIES Break out Rooms Gives examples of urban areas in the Philippines. (At least two) And discuss the positive and negative effects of urbanization on their areas.  A pilot Study: Report of Migration, Trafficking and sites of work: Rights and Vulnerabilities, by jagori, New Delhi. 1995.  A report on Migration in India, National Sample Survey Organization, October, 1998.  Urbanization and migration, Department of social development, 2009  1. J. Ghosh, (2009), “Migration and Gender Empowerment: Recent Trends and Emerging Issues”, The Journal of UNDP.  J.n.chodhary(2002), “Male-female migration in india:Causes And Trends”  https://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/rural-urban-migration-136270458? https://www.slideshare.net/MJ4950/urbanization- migration from_action=save Thank You! Ms.Camia A.Oficial