Human Factors and Aviation Safety Quiz PDF

# Human Factors and Aviation Safety Quiz ## Violations - **Routine Violation:** A violation which has become the normal way of doing something within the person's work group, or a habitual action on the part of the operator that is tolerated by the governing authority. - **Situational Violation:*...

# Human Factors and Aviation Safety Quiz ## Violations - **Routine Violation:** A violation which has become the normal way of doing something within the person's work group, or a habitual action on the part of the operator that is tolerated by the governing authority. - **Situational Violation:** A violation that occurs due to the particular factors that exist at the time, such as time pressure, high workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tooling, and poor working conditions - where in order to get the job done, the engineer considers that a procedure cannot be followed. - **Exceptional Violation:** A violation which is typified by particular tasks or operating circumstances that makes the violation inevitable, or violations which are isolated departure from authority that are neither typical of the individual nor condoned by management. ## Errors - **Decision Error:** An error that occurs when the behavior or action of the operator proceeds as intended, yet the chosen plan proves inadequate to achieve the desired end state and results in an unsafe situation or inaccurate/incomplete knowledge of the problem. - **Knowledge-based Error:** The error classification occurs in unique and unfamiliar situations, and the error results from inadequate analysis or decision making. - **Skill-based Error:** An error which occurs in the operator execution of a routine, highly practiced task relating to procedure, training or proficiency, and results in an unsafe situation when the action made is not what was intended (ex. fail to practice attention, checklist error, negative habit, etc.). - **Sequence Error:** An error that occurs when doing the task in the wrong order of execution (out of order). - **Timing Error:** An error that occurs when doing the task too slow, too fast, or too late. - **Perceptual Error:** An error that occurs when an operator sensory input is degraded and a decision is made based upon faulty information (misjudges the distance, depth, speed, spatial disorientation, and visual illusions). - **Error of Commission:** An error that occurs when doing the task incorrectly or doing the wrong thing. - **Error of Omission:** An error that occurs when forgetting to do something, ignoring to do it deliberately, or not doing the required thing. ## Mistakes - **Rule-based Mistake:** An action that matches intentions but does not achieve their intended outcome due to incorrect application of a rule or inadequacy of the plan. - **Knowledge-based Mistake:** An action which is intended but does not achieve the intended outcome due to knowledge deficits. ## Fatigue - **Acute Fatigue:** A type of fatigue that is induced by long duty periods or by a series of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short period. - **Mental Fatigue:** A type of fatigue that is a result of emotional stress even with sufficient physical rest, like the disturbance of body rhythms. - **Chronic Fatigue:** A type of fatigue that is induced by the cumulative effects of fatigue over the longer term. ## Human Factors Model - **SHELL Model:** - **Liveware:** A component of the SHELL Model consists of the people operating in the aviation system. This includes the flight crews, cabin personnel, ground crew, scheduler, dispatcher, maintenance workers, management, and administration personnel. It also considers the user's cognitive and physical performance, capabilities, and limitations. - **Software:** A component of SHELL Model that includes the non-physical, intangible aspects of aviation which regulate the operational structure and how system information is organised, presented, and transferred to the people operating within the system. - **Hardware:** A component of SHELL Model that includes the physical elements of the aviation operational system such as aircraft (including controls, surfaces, display, functional system and seating), operator equipment, tools, materials, building, vehicles, computer, conveyor belts, etc. - **Environment:** - **Internal Environment:** The environment component that relates to the immediate work area and includes physical factors such as cabin/cockpit temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration, and ambient light levels. - **External Environment:** The environment component that includes the physical environment outside the immediate work area such as weather, terrain, and congested airspace. It also includes physical infrastructure including airports, as well as the organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social elements. - **PEAR Model:** An accident causation model that explains how hazards can pass through multiple layers of defense in a system to cause accidents. - **Swiss Cheese Model:** An accident is caused not by a single event but a sequence of events that build upon each other to result in an accident or incident wherein breaking any link will prevent the accident. - **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:** A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs. ## Human Factors (Other) - **Input Characteristics:** Human senses that are responsible for collecting vital tasks and environmental-related information are subject to limitations and degradation. - **Physical Size and Shape:** In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements which will vary according to age and gender groups. - **Fuel Requirements:** Humans require food, water, and oxygen to function efficiently. Any deficits can affect cognitive function, physical performance, and emotional well-being. - **Environmental Tolerances:** In order for people to function effectively, the environment must be maintained within an optimal window, and therefore their performance and well-being is affected by physical environment factors such as temperature, vibration, and noise. - **Output Characteristics:** After perceiving and processing information, the output involves making a decision, taking action, and verification through a feedback loop to ensure proper action was taken. ## Memory - **Long Term Memory:** It appears to be unlimited. It is used to store information that is not currently being used including knowledge of the physical world and objects within it, personal experiences, belief about people, social norms, motor programmes, problem solving skills, and plans for achieving various activities. - **Short Term Memory:** It receives a proportion of the information into sensory stores and allows us to store information long enough to use it. It can store only a relatively small amount of information at one time. - **Ultra Short Term Memory:** It is activated when examining the role of sensory stores. It has a duration of up to 2 seconds (depending on the sense) and is used as a buffer. - **Episodic Memory:** It refers to memory of specific events such as our past experiences including people, events and objects. It is heavily influenced by a person's expectations of what should've happened. - **Semantic Memory:** It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired. ## Human Interactions - **Liveware - Liveware:** An interaction between the human operator and any person in the aviation system during the performance of associated tasks. It encompasses the interrelationship amongst the individuals within and between the different operator groups. - **Liveware - Software:** An interaction between the human operator and the non-physical supporting systems that exist within the workplace. They involve designing software to match the interaction of the human users, ensuring that the software is capable of being implemented and addressing the human system behaviours. - **Liveware - Hardware:** An interaction between the human operator and the machine. It involves comparing and matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit, or equipment with the anthropological needs of the users. Also involves considering the different tasks to be performed during normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures. - **Liveware - Environment:** An interaction that occurs between the human operator, and the internal & external environments. It involves adapting the environment to match the human requirements. ## Peer Pressure - **Direct Peer Pressure:** A type of peer pressure that is very specific to a behavior-based conformity. This is when a person uses verbal or non-verbal cues to persuade someone to do something. - **Unspoken Peer Pressure:** A type of peer pressure that involves an individual being exposed to certain behaviours, trends, or choices of others. This is when someone is exposed to the action of one or more peers and is left to choose whether they want to follow along. - **Spoken Peer Pressure:** A type of peer pressure that involves one individual or a group asking another individual to participate in some type of behaviour. This is when someone verbally influences another person to do something. - **Negative Peer Pressure:** A type of peer pressure that can challenge individuals to do something they may not usually do and engage in such behaviours because others are doing it - so it's a way to belong. - **Positive Peer Pressure:** A type of peer pressure that is felt in one-on-one situations or groups that yields positive results and healthier lifestyle choices. This is when a person is influenced by others to engage in beneficial or productive behaviour. ## Other - **Action:** A human factor program that carefully analyzes all the actions that must be performed to complete a job efficiently and safely. - **People:** Aviation maintenance human factors programs that focus on the people who perform the work, or who perform the job and address physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. - **Resources:** A human factor program that focuses on the criteria necessary to complete a job such as tools, equipment, materials, technical manuals, the number and qualification of the staff, the amount of time allocated, and the level of communication. - **Mistakes:** Are deliberate actions which may need correction through disciplinary procedures when somebody did something knowing it to be against the rules or deliberately failing to follow proper procedures. - **Violations:** An unintentional violation caused by knowledge and skill deficiencies. - **Overload:** A factor that leads to human error that includes environmental factors (ex. noise, distractions, etc.), internal factors (personal problems) and situational factors (instructions not clear, risk level is too high, etc.). - **Inappropriate Activities:** A factor that leads to human error in performing tasks without the requisite training and misjudging risks. - **Inappropriate Response:** A factor that leads to human error in detecting a hazard but not correcting it, removing safeguards, and ignoring safety rules. - **Peers:** They are the people who you socialize with, or someone who is like someone else often shares similar histories, ages, abilities, and characteristics. - **Peer Group:** A group of people with one or more shared interests or characteristics. - **Peer Pressure:** It is a direct influence on people by peers who get encouraged to follow their peers by changing their habits, values, and behaviour. - **Cognitive Needs:** Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning, and predictability belong to what hierarchy of needs? - **Aesthetic Needs:** Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form belong to what hierarchy of needs? - **Transcendence Needs:** A person can be motivated by values that go beyond the personal self (mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, and the pursuit of science and religious faith). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to? - **Safety Needs:** Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear belong to what hierarchy of needs? - **Love and Belongingness Needs:** After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, humans need interpersonal relationships that motivate behaviors including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and receiving & giving affection. What hierarchy of needs do these belong to? - **Esteem Needs:** Maslow classified this into two categories - the high regard for oneself (e.g. dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g. status, prestige). What hierarchy of needs does this belong to? - **Self-Actualization Needs:** Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences – a desire to become everything one is capable of becoming belongs to what hierarchy of needs? - **Drugs:** It is the most hazardous and known to have significant effects upon performance and have no place within the aviation maintenance environment. - **Medication:** It is the most hazardous and known to have significant effects upon performance and have no place within the aviation maintenance environment. - **Alcohol:** It is the most hazardous and known to have significant effects upon performance and have no place within the aviation maintenance environment.