Understanding Violation Types and Errors

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Questions and Answers

What type of violation is characterized by habitual actions that are tolerated by the governing authority?

Decision Violation

Routine Violation (correct)

Exceptional Violation

Situational Violation

Which error occurs due to inadequate analysis or decision making in unfamiliar situations?

Knowledge-based Error (correct)

Timing Error

Skill-based Error

Sequence Error

What type of error occurs when the task is performed in the wrong order?

Knowledge-based Error

Error of Omission

Perceptual Error

Sequence Error (correct)

Which violation is a result of time pressure or poor working conditions leading to a decision not to follow the procedure?

Situational Violation Signup and view all the answers

An error of commission occurs when an operator:

Executes the task incorrectly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error is likely when an operator acts on faulty information due to degraded sensory input?

Perceptual Error Signup and view all the answers

A rule-based mistake occurs when:

The intended outcome is not achieved due to misapplied rules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a skill-based error?

Failing to notice an important detail during routine checks Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of acute fatigue?

Induced by long duty periods or demanding tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the SHELL Model represents the people operating in the aviation system?

Liveware Signup and view all the answers

What do the internal environment factors in the SHELL Model include?

Cabin temperature and ambient light Signup and view all the answers

Chronic fatigue is primarily characterized by which of the following?

Long-term cumulative effects of fatigue Signup and view all the answers

The Swiss Cheese Model illustrates that accidents are a result of what?

A sequence of linked events Signup and view all the answers

What role does the environment component play in the SHELL Model?

It encompasses both internal and external physical factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which model explains how hazards can pass through multiple layers of defense in a system to lead to accidents?

PEAR Model Signup and view all the answers

Mental fatigue can occur due to which of the following factors?

Prolonged cognitive workload Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes long term memory?

It appears to be unlimited in capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is most influenced by a person’s expectations?

Episodic Memory Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical size and shape play in workplace design?

It is important for accommodating varied body measurements and movements. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor affecting human performance in an environment?

Environmental conditions such as temperature and noise. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes input characteristics concerning human senses?

They are responsible for collecting information but have limitations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of feedback in the output characteristics of decision-making?

To confirm the accuracy of the action taken. Signup and view all the answers

Humans typically require which of the following to function efficiently?

A balanced intake of food, water, and oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the interaction termed 'Liveware - Liveware'?

Interactions between human operators and other individuals in the system. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a violation caused by knowledge and skill deficiencies?

Violations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to human error due to environmental distractions like noise?

Overload Signup and view all the answers

What hierarchy of needs do interpersonal relationships, like friendship and intimacy, belong to?

Love and Belongingness Needs Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT considered a factor leading to human error?

Peer Group Signup and view all the answers

What describes actions taken knowingly against the rules that may require correction?

Violations Signup and view all the answers

Which hierarchy of needs involves protection from elements and security?

Safety Needs Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the direct influence of peers that encourages behavior change?

Peer Pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which needs involve curiosity, exploration, and the need for meaning?

Cognitive Needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of liveware-software interactions?

Designing software to address human system behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of peer pressure is characterized by specific requests for behavior change?

Spoken Peer Pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does liveware-hardware interaction primarily enhance human performance?

Through comparing and matching physical features Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative peer pressure from other types?

It challenges individuals to engage in undesirable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What does liveware-environment interaction aim to achieve?

Match the internal and external environments to human requirements Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential in the people-focused human factors program in aviation maintenance?

Addressing physiological and psychosocial factors Signup and view all the answers

What type of peer pressure can lead to healthier lifestyle choices?

Positive Peer Pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does an action-focused human factor program primarily analyze?

The actions required to perform a job efficiently and safely Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Violation Types

A violation is a normal, habitual action within a work group that is tolerated by the governing authority.
Routine Violation: A normal way of doing something in a work group.
Situational Violation: A violation that occurs due to factors like time pressure, workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tools, or poor working conditions.
Exceptional Violation: A violation that is unavoidable due to specific circumstances or tasks

Optimizing Violation

A violation involving breaking rules for personal reasons, unrelated to the task.

SHELL Model

The SHELL model is a model for human factors.
It stands for software-hardware-environment-liveware.

Errors

Decision Error: An error where the actions intended lead to a situation that is unsafe or that has inaccurate/incomplete knowledge of the problem.
Perceptual Error: An error caused by degraded sensory input, such as misjudging distance, depth, speed, spatial disorientation, and visual illusions.
Skill-based Error: An error that occurs in routine, highly practiced tasks, such as those with training or proficiency. A mistake or execution that does not match the actual intent (e.g. checklist error, failed attention, negative habit, etc).
Knowledge-based Error: An error that occurs in unfamiliar situations or has inadequate analysis or decision making
Timing Error: An error occurring when a task is too slow, too fast, or too late.
Error of Commission: An error that occurs when performing a task incorrectly or doing the tasks improperly.
Error of Omission: An error that occurs when forgetting to do something, ignoring to do something deliberately, or not doing the required thing.
Sequence Error: An error resulting from performing tasks in the wrong order.

Fatigue

Acute Fatigue: Fatigue caused by long duty periods or a series of demanding tasks performed over a short period.
Chronic Fatigue: Fatigue caused by the cumulative effects of fatigue over a longer period.
Mental Fatigue: A type of fatigue that is the result of emotional stress even with sufficient physical rest.

Workplace Environment

Internal Environment: The immediate work area, including physical factors like temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration, and ambient light levels.
External Environment: The environment outside the immediate work area, such as weather, terrain, and congested airspace, as well as organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social elements.

Human Factors Programs

Programs focusing on the environment in which people work, including considerations like physical workplace, tools, equipment, materials, staff, time allotted, and communication.
Programs focused on people, recognizing the physical, emotional, psychological well-being of staff..

Memory

Long Term Memory: The storage and retrieval of information, including past experiences, knowledge, and learned abilities.
Short Term Memory: A limited-capacity memory for storing information temporarily with a duration up to 2 seconds.
Ultra Short Term Memory: A sensory store, that plays a buffer role, stores experiences for a short duration, typically up to 2 seconds, depending heavily on sensory systems.
Semantic Memory: Memory related to factual general knowledge.
Episodic Memory: Memory related to personal events and experiences

Peer Pressure

Direct Peer Pressure: A person or a group encourages others to perform particular tasks (or behaviors)
Indirect Peer Pressure Involves an influence by the environment; one may not be a target, but influenced by the actions of others.
Spoken Peer Pressure: involves verbal influence.
Unspoken Peer Pressure: is inferred from environment and cues, rather than spoken words.
Positive Peer Pressure: Encourages healthy lifestyles or positive actions.
Negative Peer Pressure: Encourages unhealthy or harmful activities.

Human Factors

An interaction between the human operator and the machine or the aviation system. This also includes the impact of human factors on the operation of the aviation system or the human interaction with machines.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory in psychology that classifies needs into categories that people need. Examples include: Physiological (e.g. food, water,), Safety, Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of violations in work groups, including routine, situational, and exceptional violations. Additionally, it delves into the SHELL model and different error types such as decision and perceptual errors. Test your knowledge on optimizing violations and understanding human factors in the workplace.